Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives (52 page)

14
Ibid.

15
Tobias Smollett,
The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker
(1771), ed. Lewis M. Knapp, Oxford University Press, London, 1966, p.122.

16
Fernand Braudel,
Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century
(3 vols.), trans. Siân Reynolds, Collins, London, 1981, vol. 1, p.124.

17
Peter Hall (ed.),
Von Thünen’s Isolated State
, trans. Carla M. Wartenberg, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966, p.7.

18
Derek Cooper,
Snail Eggs and Samphire: Dispatches from the Food Front
, Macmillan, London, 2000, p.2.

19
The term ‘food miles’ was first coined by the food policy expert Professor Tim Lang.

20
Neville Morley,
Metropolis and Hinterland
, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.65.

21
A litre of unleaded petrol cost 80p in Britain in November 2000, 60p of which was tax. At the same period, a litre of air fuel cost just 18p. See
Eating Oil: Food Supply in a Changing Climate
, Sustain, 2001, p.30.

22
Some medieval Chinese cities probably reached a similar size. See Tertuis Chandler and Gerald Fox,
3000 Years of Urban Growth
, Academic Press, New York and London, 1974, p.363.

23
Morley, op.cit., p.13.

24
Geoffrey Rickman,
The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome
, Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1980, p.19.

25
Cassiodorus,
Variae
, VII, 29, quoted in Massimo Montanari,
The Culture of Food
, trans. Carl Ipsen, Blackwell, Oxford, 1994, p.51.

26
At Amarna, Akhenaten’s capital 200 miles south of Cairo, regular festivals were held in which offerings of grain would be laid out on tables within the temple compound, after which the king would appear before his people at a special window, in order to ceremoniously redistribute what ‘remained’.

27
Barry Kemp,
Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization
, Routledge, London, 1989, p.195.

28
The population density of Imperial Rome has been estimated at 800 people per hectare: similar to modern-day Kolkata or Mumbai. See Morley, op.cit., p.34.

29
Rickman, op.cit., p.170.

30
Unfortunately, Brutus and friends also put paid to Caesar’s plan to build a canal from Rome to Ostia, which might have saved his successors an awful lot of trouble.

31
Tacitus,
Annals
, I. 5, quoted in P.A. Brunt, ‘The Roman Mob’, in M.I. Finley (ed.),
Studies in Ancient Society
, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974, p.102.

32
Rickman, op.cit., p.2.

33
See Brunt in Finley (ed.), op.cit., pp.93–4.

34
Braudel, op.cit., vol.1, p.52.

35
Norman Davies,
God’s Playground, A History of Poland
(2 vols), Oxford University Press, 2005, vol.1, p.204.

36
N.T.L. Des Essarts,
Dictionnaire Universel de Police Paris 1786–90
, quoted in Stephen Kaplan,
Provisioning Paris: Merchants and Millers in the Grain and Flour Trade During the Eighteenth Century
, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1984, p.24.

37
See Kaplan, op.cit., p.x.

38
Ibid., p.39.

39
Quoted in ibid., p.44.

40
Quoted in ibid., p.24.

41
Ibid., p.62.

42
See Rebecca L. Spang,
The Invention of the Restaurant
, Harvard University Press, 2000, pp.123–38.

43
Quoted in Felix Barker and Peter Jackson,
London: 2000 Years of a City and its People
, Macmillan, London, 1974, p.9.

44
The list is from Tames, op.cit., p.12.

45
See B.M.S. Campbell et al.,
A Medieval Capital and its Grain Supply
, Historical Geography Research Series No. 30, 1993, p.47.

46
John Stow,
Survey of London
(1603), ed. Charles Kingsforde, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1908, Vol.2, p.10.

47
See Niall Ferguson,
Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
, Allen Lane, 2003, pp.2–4.

48
Quoted in ibid., p.3.

49
See Sidney Mintz,
Sweetness and Power
, Penguin, 1986, p.43.

50
Ibid., p.40.

51
Samuel Johnson (1709–84),
On the Trades of London
, published in
The Adventurer
, 1753, quoted in Xavier Baron,
London 1066–1914: Literary Sources and Documents
(3 vols.), Helm Information, East Sussex, 1997, vol.1, p.590.

52
Daniel Defoe,
The Review
, 8 January 1713, quoted in Dorothy Davis,
A History of Shopping
, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1966, p.194.

53
Daniel Defoe,
Complete Tradesman
, ii, Ch. 6, quoted in George Dodd,
The Food of London
, Longman Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1856, pp.110–11.

54
Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, ed. Edwin Cannan, Methuen, London, 1925 (2 vols.), vol. I, p.355.

55
Ibid., p.48.

56
Ibid., p.377.

57
Dodd, op.cit., frontispiece.

58
Ibid., p.2.

59
Ibid., p.101.

60
James P. Johnston,
A Hundred Years Eating: Food, Drink and the Daily Diet in Britain since the late Nineteenth Century
, Gill and Macmillan, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977, p.59.

61
Ibid., p.3.

62
Charles Booth, ‘Daily Bread’, in
The Colony
, July 1868, quoted in LSE Charles Booth Online Archive,
http:.//booth.lse.ac.uk/static/a/2.html
.

63
See Edith Whetham, ‘The London Milk Trade 1900–1930’, in Derek J. Oddy and Derek S. Miller (eds.),
The Making of the Modern British Diet
, Croom Helm, London, 1976, Ch. 6.

64
Frank Trentmann, ‘Bread, Milk and Democracy: Consumption and Citizenship in Twentieth-century Britain’, in Martin Daunton and Matthew Hilton,
The Politics of Consumption: Material Culture and Citizenship in Europe and America
, Berg, Oxford, 2001, Ch. 7, pp.129–63.

65
Power Hungry: Six Reasons to Regulate Global Food Corporations
, Action Aid International, 2004, p.4.

66
Building Smiles
, Wal-Mart Annual Report, 2006, p.12.

67
Quoted in Lang and Heasman, op.cit., p.140.

68
Ibid., p.147.

69
Power Hungry
, op.cit., p.21.

70
http://www.goodhousekeeping.co.uk/index.php/v1/British_dairy_farms_in_crisis
.

71
Charles Fishman,
The Wal-Mart Effect: How an Out-of-Town Superstore Became a Superpower
, Allen Lane, 2006, pp.79–84.

72
Quoted in
Power Hungry
, op.cit., p.27.

73
Professor Heffernan’s figures quoted in Lang and Heasman, op.cit., p.144.

74
Power Hungry
, op.cit., p.4.

75
Fishman, op.cit., p.13.

76
Power Hungry
, op.cit., p.25.

77
George Monbiot,
Captive State
, Macmillan, 2000, p.205.

78
Ibid., p.204.

79
Felicity Lawrence, the
Guardian
, 8 December 2005.

80
Stop the Dumping! How EU agricultural subsidies are damaging livelihoods in the developing world
, Oxfam, 2002.

81
Ibid., p.4.

82
Defra, op.cit., p.6. By 2007, the figure was down to 58 per cent.

83
Spokesperson for Elliot Morley, quoted in
Science and Society
, Spring Newsletter 2006,
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/isisnews/sis29.php
.

84
George Bush, speech delivered on 25 April 2006, broadcast on
Newsnight
, BBC2.

85
FAO, Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 3 May 2006.

86
Power Hungry
, op.cit., p.21.

87
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, the
Guardian
, 24 May 2003.

88
Fred Duncan, interviewed by the author in December 2005.

89
Quoted by Simon Cox in
The Silent Terrorist
, BBC Radio 4, 22 August 2006.

90
Lawrence Wein,
Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: the case of botulinum toxin in milk
(with Y. Liu), Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences, 2005, Vol.102, no.28, pp.9984–9,
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/102/28/9984.pdf
.

91
The Silent Terrorist
, see note 89.

Chapter 3 Market and Supermarket

 

1
Victor Gruen and Larry Smith,
Shopping Towns USA, The Planning of Shopping Centres
, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1960, p.267.

2
Tesco, Asda/Wal-Mart, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons.

3
To get an idea of what a narrow squeak London had, take a look at the building at the top west corner of Drury Lane at High Holborn. That is what the whole of Covent Garden would look like now if the GLC had got its way.

4
The Covent Garden Community Association, which still exists, was set up in 1971 specifically to fight the GLC proposals. It was the first case of a community action changing the course of a planning enquiry in Britain. See
http://www.coventgarden.org
.

5
The area comprises Faneuil Hall and the neighbouring Quincy Market – by which name it is sometimes known.

6
Joanna Blythman,
Shopped: The Shocking Power of British Supermarkets
, Fourth Estate, 2004, p.6.

7
DETR,
Impact Of Large Foodstores On Market Towns And District Centres
, 1998, note 21.

8
Ghost Town Britain: The Threat From Economic Globalisation To Livelihoods, Liberty And Local Economic Freedom
, New Economics Foundation, 2002, p.15.

9
Blythman, op.cit., p.20.

10
Grocer
magazine, Vol.229, no.7753, 6 May 2006, p.35.

11
The Money Programme
, Tesco: Supermarket Superpower, BBC2, 3 June 2005.

12
Jane Jacobs,
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
, Vintage, 1992, p.39.

13
Stale tampons.

14
George Dodd,
The Food of London
, Longman Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1856, p.244.

15
Gillian Bebbington,
Street Names of London
, Batsford, London, 1972, p.82.

16
See Felix Barker and Peter Jackson,
London: 2000 Years of a City and its People
, Macmillan, London, 1974, p.76.

17
Quoted in Peter Burke,
Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe
, Temple Smith, London, 1978, p.179.

18
Aldo Rossi,
The Architecture of the City
, MIT Press, 1982, p.29.

19
Pier Luigi Fantelli and Franca Pellegrini (eds.),
Il Palazzo della Ragione in Padova
, Studio Editoriale Programma, Padova, 1990, p.20.

20
See R.E. Wycherley,
The Stones of Athens
, Princeton, 1979, p.93.

21
R. E. Wycherley,
How the Greeks Built Cities
, Macmillan Press, 1979, p.66.

22
Since citizenship was barred to women, slaves and foreigners, this aspect of the Agora was not fully inclusive.

23
Quoted in R.E. Wycherley, (1978), op.cit., p.91.

24
Aristotle,
Politics
, vii, 11, 2, quoted in Wycherley (1979), op.cit., p.67.

25
A separate senate house was eventually built on the Pnyx Hill. See Richard Sennett,
Flesh and Stone
, Faber and Faber, 1996, pp.52–67.

26
See Hannah Arendt,
The Human Condition
, University of Chicago Press, 1958, pp.22–78.

27
Idios
, the ancient Greek root of our word ‘idiot’, indicated privacy as well as separateness, strangeness. See ibid., pp.38–49.

28
See Burke, op.cit., p.183.

29
Ibid.

30
Ibid., p.186.

31
Mikhail Bakhtin,
Rabelais and His World
, trans. Helene Iswolsky, MIT Press, 1968, p.6.

32
Ibid., p.25.

33
See Anthony Blunt,
Art and Architecture in France 1500–1700
, The Pelican History of Art, Penguin, 1973, pp.160–3.