High Price (43 page)

2. U. Gatti, R. E. Tremblay, and F. Vitaro, “Iatrogenic Effect of Juvenile Justice,”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
50 (2009): 991–98.

3. T. J. Dishion, F. McCord, and J. Poulin, “When Interventions Harm: Peer Groups and Problem Behavior,”
American Psychologist
54 (1999): 755–61.

4. Campaign for Youth Justice, “Critical Condition: African American Youth in the Criminal Justice System,” September 25, 2008, p. 1, http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org.

5. Ibid., pp. 16, 27.

CHAPTER 8: BASIC TRAINING

1. Jeffrey Haas,
The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther
(Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2009).

2. R. Balko, “Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police Raids in America,” white paper, 2006.

3. Office of National Drug Control Policy,
National Drug Control Strategy: Data Supplement 2011
(2012), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/2011_data_supplement.pdf.

4. Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine, eds.,
Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 19.

5. Edith Fairman Cooper,
The Emergence of Crack Cocaine Abuse
(New York: Novinka Books, 2002), p. 49.

6. L. D. Johnston et al.,
Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2011, vol. 1
,
Secondary School Students
(Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012).

CHAPTER 9: “HOME IS WHERE THE HATRED IS”

1. M. Daly and M. Wilson, “Competitiveness, Risk Taking, and Violence: The Young Male Syndrome,”
Ethology and Sociobiology
6 (1985): 59–73.

2. L. D. Johnston et al.,
Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2011, vol. 1, Secondary School Students
(Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2012).

3. Sudhir Venkatesh,
Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets
(New York: Penguin Press, 2008); Sudhir Venkatesh,
Off the Books: The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

4. Quoted in
Newsweek
, June 16, 1986.

5. Associated Press, “Browns Safety Dies of Cardiac Arrest,”
New York Times
, June 28, 1986, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/28/sports/browns-safety-dies-of-cardiac-arrest.html.

6. Lynn Norment, “Charles Rangel: The Front-line General in the War on Drugs,”
Ebony
, March 1989.

7. African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2008,
Congressional Record
, HR 5484, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d099:H.R.5484.

8. U.S. Sentencing Commission, Report to the Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy, May 2007, p. 16.

CHAPTER 10: THE MAZE

1. Roberta Spalter-Roth, Olga V. Mayorova, and Jean H. Shin, “The Impact of Cross-Race Mentoring for ‘Ideal’ and ‘Alternative’ PhD Careers in Sociology,” American Sociological Association, Department of Research and Development, August 2011.

CHAPTER 12: STILL JUST A NIGGA

1. E. H. Williams, “Negro Cocaine Fiends Are a New Southern Menace,”
New York Times,
February 8, 1914.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. David Musto,
The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control
, expanded ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

5. Ibid.

CHAPTER 13: THE BEHAVIOR OF HUMAN SUBJECTS

1. C. L. Hart et al., “Comparison of Intravenous Cocaethylene and Cocaine in Humans,”
Psychopharmacology
149 (2000): 153–62.

2. M. A. Nader and W. L. Woolverton, “Effects of Increasing the Magnitude of an Alternative Reinforcer on Drug Choice in a Discrete-Trials Choice Procedure,”
Psychopharmacology
105, no. 2 (1991): 169–74; M. A. Nader and W. L. Woolverton, “Effects of Increasing the Response Requirement on Choice Between Cocaine and Food in Rhesus Monkeys,”
Psychopharmacology
108 (1992): 295–300.

3. C. L. Hart and C. Ksir,
Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior
, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012).

4. L. R. Gerak, R. Galici, and C. P. France, “Self-Administration of Heroin and Cocaine in Morphine-Dependent and Morphine-Withdrawn Rhesus Monkeys,”
Psychopharmacology
204 (2009): 403–11.

5. D. K. Hatsukami and M. W. Fischman, “Crack Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride: Are the Differences Myth or Reality?”
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
276 (19) (1996): 1580–88.

6. C. L. Hart et al., “Alternative Reinforcers Differentially Modify Cocaine Self-Administration by Humans,”
Behavioural Pharmacology
11 (2000): 87–91.

7. Ibid.

8. S. T. Higgins et al., “Achieving Cocaine Abstinence with a Behavioral Approach,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
150, no. 5 (May 1993): 763–69.

9. M. Stitzer and N. Petry, “Contingency Management for Treatment of Substance Abuse,”
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2 (2006): 411–34.

10. K. Silverman et al., “A Reinforcement-Based Therapeutic Workplace for the Treatment of Drug Abuse: Six-Month Abstinence Outcomes,”
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
9, no. 1 (February 2001): 14–23.

CHAPTER 14: HITTING HOME

1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

CHAPTER 15: THE NEW CRACK

1. C. L. Hart and C. Ksir,
Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior
, 15th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012).

2. J. A. Caldwell and J. L. Caldwell, “Fatigue in Military Aviation: An Overview of U.S. Military-Approved Pharmacological Countermeasures,”
Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine
76, 7 (Suppl.) (2005): C39–51.

3. Remarks of Senator Barack Obama at Howard University Convocation, September 28, 2007.

4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings
, NSDUH series H-44, HHS publication no. (SMA) 12-4713 (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012).

5. Fox Butterfield, “Home Drug-Making Laboratories Expose Children to Toxic Fallout,”
New York Times
, February 23, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/23/us/home-drug-making-laboratories-expose-children-to-toxic-fallout.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.

6. Kate Zernike, “A Drug Scourge Creates Its Own Form of Orphan,”
New York Times
, July 11, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/11/national/11meth.html?pagewanted=2&sq=methamphetamine%20scourge&st=cse&scp=1.

7. S. L. Simon et al., “A Comparison of Patterns of Methamphetamine and Cocaine Use,”
Journal of Addictive Diseases
21 (2002): 35–44.

8. C. L. Hart et al., “Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users? A Critical Review,”
Neuropsychopharmacology
37 (2012): 586–608.

9. P. M. Thompson et al., “Structural Abnormalities in the Brains of Human Subjects Who Use Methamphetamine,”
Journal of Neuroscience
24 (2004): 6028–36.

10. Hart et al., “Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users?”

11. C. L. Hart et al., “Acute Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Intranasal Methamphetamine in Humans,”
Neuropsychopharmacology
33 (2008): 1847–55.

12. A. Perez et al., “Residual Effects of Intranasal Methamphetamine on Sleep, Mood, and Performance,”
Drug and Alcohol Dependence
94 (2008): 258–62.

13. B. A. Johnson et al., “Effects of Isradipine on Methamphetamine-Induced Changes in Attentional and Perceptual-Motor Skills of Cognition,”
Psychopharmacology
178 (2005): 296–302; B. A. Johnson et al., “Effects of Topiramate on Methamphetamine-Induced Changes in Attentional and Perceptual-Motor Skills of Cognition in Recently Abstinent Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals,”
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
3 (2007): 123–30; D. S. Harris et al., “The Bioavailability of Intranasal and Smoked Methamphetamine,”
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
74 (2003): 475–86.

14. M. G. Kirkpatrick et al., “Comparison of Intranasal Methamphetamine and
d
-amphetamine Self-Administration by Humans,”
Addiction
107 (2012): 783–91.

15. C. L. Hart et al., “Alternative Reinforcers Differentially Modify Cocaine Self-Administration by Humans,”
Behavioural Pharmacology
11 (2000): 87–91.

16. Hart et al., “Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users?”

17. M. S. O’Brien and J. C. Anthony, “Extra-Medical Stimulant Dependence Among Recent Initiates,”
Drug and Alcohol Dependence
104 (2009): 147–55.

18. Upton Sinclair,
I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1934), p. 109.

19. Hart et al., “Is Cognitive Functioning Impaired in Methamphetamine Users?”

20. G. Stix, “Meth Hype Could Undermine Good Medicine,”
Scientific American
, December 27, 2011.

CHAPTER 16: IN SEARCH OF SALVATION

1. James Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
(New York: Dial Press, 1963).

CHAPTER 17: DRUG POLICY BASED ON FACT, NOT FICTION

1. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.–2010/persons-arrested.

2. C. E. Hughes and A. Stevens, “A Resounding Success or a Disastrous Failure: Re-Examining the Interpretation of Evidence on the Portuguese Decriminalisation of Illicit Drugs,”
Drug and Alcohol Review
31 (2012): 101–113.

3. C. Hart, “Remove the Knife and Heal the Wound: No More Crack/Powder Disparities,”
Huffington Post
, July 26, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/carl-l-hart/crack-cocaine-sentencing_b_1707105.html.

About the Author

CARL HART is an associate professor in the departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at Columbia University. He is also a research scientist in the Division of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Dr. Hart is a member of the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse and on the board of directors of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence and the Drug Policy Alliance. A native of Miami, Florida, Dr. Hart received his BS in psychology at the University of Maryland and his MS and PhD in experimental psychology and neuroscience at the University of Wyoming. He lives in New York City.

www.highpricethebook.com