Hezbollah (6 page)

3.
Wilhelmsen, “Islamism in Azerbaijan,” 731.

4.
Sebastian Rotella, “Azerbaijan Seen as New Front in Mideast Conflict,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 30, 2009.

5.
Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing.”

6.
Ibid.; Rotella, “Azerbaijan Seen as New Front.”

7.
Valiyev, “Alleged Iranian and Hezbollah Agents on Trial.”

8.
Ibid.

9.
Ibid.

10.
Agence France Presse, “Azerbaijan Jails Two Lebanese for Embassy Plots,” October 5, 2009. In an odd twist, the court spokesman said the cell was tied not only to Hezbollah and Iran but to al-Qaeda as well—possibly an attempt to put the plot into the context of the global “War on Terror.”

11.
“Families of Najmeddin and Karaki Complain about Hezbollah Treatment,”
As-Seyasseh
(Kuwait), February 10, 2010.

12.
Ben Hartman, “Azeri-Iranian Prisoner Trade Draws Fire,”
Jerusalem Post
, August 16, 2010.

13.
Smadar Peri, “Explosion,”
Yediot Ahronot
(Tel Aviv), February 6, 2009; Gordon Thomas, “Mossad’s Most Wanted: A Deadly Vengeance,”
Independent
(London), February 23, 2010.

14.
Ian Black, “WikiLeaks Cables: Syria Stunned by Hezbollah Assassination,”
Guardian
(London), December 7, 2010.

15.
Ibid.

16.
“Qassem: Syrian-Palestinian Agents Tipped Mossad to Murder Mughniyeh,”
Naharnet
(Beirut), March 31, 2010.

17.
Palmer Harik,
Hezbollah: Changing Face of Terrorism
, 173; Martin Kramer, “Imad Who?” Middle East Strategy at Harvard (blog), February 14, 2008.

18.
“Hajj Imad Moghnieh Avenue,” Hezbollah’s official English website, February 18, 2010.

19.
“Who Is Hajj Imad Moghniyeh,” Hezbollah’s official English website, February 12, 2010.

20.
Robert F. Worth, “Hezbollah Shrine to Terrorist Suspect Enthralls Lebanese Children,”
New York Times
, September 2, 2008; Agence France Presse, “Hezbollah Shows Off Weaponry in Lebanon ‘Tourist Complex,’”
Ynetnews
(Tel Aviv), May 21, 2010.

21.
“Hezbollah Chief Threatens Israel,”
BBC News
, February 14, 2008.

22.
Statement of Matthew G. Olsen,
Homeland Threats and Agency Responses
.

23.
“Israel Thwarted ‘Major Terror Attack’ in Europe,”
Media Line
(New York), January 29, 2009.

24.
Daniel Edelson, “Hezbollah Plans Attacks on Israeli Targets in Turkey,”
Ynetnews
(Tel Aviv), October 20, 2009.

25.
Sebastian Rotella, “Before Deadly Bulgaria Bombing, Tracks of a Resurgent Iran-Hezbollah Threat,”
ProPublica
and
Foreign Policy
, July 30, 2012.

26.
Yaakov Katz, “Shin Bet Boosts Protection for Officials Traveling Abroad,”
Jerusalem Post
, January 20, 2010.

27.
“Sources Close to Hezbollah: Retaliation Linked to ‘Divine Opportunity,’”
Al Rai al-Aam
(Kuwait), February 16, 2010.

28.
“Moghniyeh Haunts ‘Israel,’ Every Day, Every Year,” Hezbollah’s official English website, February 15, 2010.

29.
Roee Nahmias, “Hezbollah Prepares Hit List to Avenge Mughniyeh Killing,”
Ynetnews
(Tel Aviv), September 15, 2010.

30.
Robert F. Worth, “More Power for Hezbollah in Lebanon’s New Cabinet,”
New York Times
, July 12, 2008; UN Security Council,
Security Council Resolution 1701 [on full cessation of hostilities in Lebanon and on extending and strengthening the mandate of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to monitor ceasefire]
, S/RES/1701 (2006), August 11, 2006.

31.
“Kofi Annan Dismantling Hizbullah Is Not the Direct Mandate of the UN,”
Jerusalem Post
, August 16, 2006; UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon, press conference with EU Representatives, Brussels, Belgium, August 25, 2006.

32.
Author interview, Ludovic Pouille, Paris, March 26, 2008.

33.
Author interview with Israeli counterterrorism officials, June 3, 2008.

34.
Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing”; Tom Perry, “Beirut Cabinet Challenges Hezbollah, Tension Rises,” Reuters, May 6, 2008.

35.
Agence France Presse, “Hezbollah Preps South Lebanon for Prisoner Return,”
Now Lebanon
, July 12, 2008.

36.
Agence France Presse, “Nasrallah Appears in Person at Beirut Celebration,”
Al Arabiya News
(Dubai), July 17, 2008.

37.
Hassan Nasrallah, “Resistance and Liberation Day,” address at Hezbollah rally in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon, May 29, 2009 (transcript available via
Now Lebanon
, http:// nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=96217).

38.
Erich Follath, “New Evidence Points to Hezbollah in Hariri Murder,”
Der Spiegel
(Hamburg), May 23, 2009.

39.
Prosecutor for Special Tribunal for
Lebanon v. Mustafa Badreddine et al
., STL-11-01/I/PTJ, June 10, 2011; Neil Macdonald, “Who Killed Lebanon’s Rafik Hariri?”
CBC News
(Canada), November 21, 2010.

40.
Elias Sakr, “Nasrallah Calls Tribunal ‘Israeli Project,’”
Daily Star
(Lebanon), July 17, 2010; United Press International, “Nasrallah Calls for STL Boycott,” October 29, 2010.

41.
Author telephone interview, Dutch intelligence official, March 9, 2010; author interview, Washington, DC, March 25, 2010.

42.
Author telephone interview, Dutch intelligence official, March 9, 2010.

43.
Macdonald, “Who Killed Lebanon’s Rafik Hariri?”

44.
“Hezbollah Denies Egypt Accusations,”
Al Jazeera
(Doha), April 11, 2009.

45.
Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, “Exposure of a Hezbollah Network in Egypt,” April 28, 2009, 2–7.

46.
Barak Ravid, “Hezbollah: UN Envoy Biased in Favor of Israel,”
Haaretz
(Tel Aviv), May 9, 2009.

47.
Statements of Daniel Benjamin and Jeffrey Feltman,
Assessing the Strength of Hezbollah
.

48.
Roni Sofer, “Mossad Warns Businessman: Hizbullah May Target You,”
Ynetnews
(Tel Aviv), April 23, 2009.

49.
Amos Harel, “Hezbollah Planning Attack on Israelis in West Africa,”
Haaretz
(Tel Aviv), August 4, 2008.

50.
Itamar Eichner, “Israel Foils 5 Attempted Abduction by Hizbullah,”
Ynetnews
(Tel Aviv), September 2, 2008.

51.
US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Hizballah Network in Africa,” press release, May 27, 2009.

52.
“Colombian Sought in 1994 Argentina Attacks,”
CNN.com
, May 21, 2009.

53.
Nasrallah, “Resistance and Liberation Day.”

54.
Barak Ravid, “IDF Chief Reported: Hezbollah Was Involved in Attack on Israeli Convoy in Jordan,”
Haaretz
(Tel Aviv), December 8, 2010.

55.
United Press International, “Israelis Brace for Hezbollah’s Revenge,” January 25, 2010.

56.
“Qassem: Hizbullah Still Seeking Revenge for Mughniyeh’s Assassination,”
Naharnet
(Beirut), February 14, 2010.

57.
Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing.”

58.
Addis and Blanchard,
Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress
.

59.
Fadhil Ali, “New Hezbollah Manifesto.”

60.
US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Hizballah Financial Network,” press release, December 9, 2010.

61.
US Department of State, Public Notice 2612, Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, October 2, 1997, 62 Fed. Reg. 195 (Oct. 8, 1997).

62.
“Embassy Row,”
Washington Times
, December 12, 2001.

63.
Addis and Blanchard,
Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress
; US Department of the Treasury, “Twin Treasury Actions Take Aim at Hizballah’s Support Network,” press release, July 24, 2007.

64.
“UK Ban on Hezbollah Military Arm,”
BBC News
, July 2, 2008.

65.
Australian Government, Attorney General’s Office, “Hizballah External Security Organisation,” May 11, 2011.

66.
Government of the Netherlands, Ministry of the Interior, “Annual Report 2004: General Intelligence and Security Service.”

67.
Government of Canada, “Currently Listed Entities,” Public Safety Canada website, last modified August 20, 2012.

68.
Israel Ministry of Defense, Terrorist Organization Decrees,
www.mod.gov.il/pages/general/teror.asp
.

69.
Statement of James Phillips,
Adding Hezbollah to the EU Terrorist List
.

70.
European Parliament, “Texts Adopted at the Sitting of Thursday, 10 March 2005,” March 10, 2005.

71.
US CIA, “Lebanon’s Hizballah,” 9.

72.
US Department of the Treasury, “Treasury Targets Hizballah for Supporting the Assad Regime,” press release, August 10, 2012.

73.
Author interview with law enforcement officials, March 11, 2010.

74.
Benjamin and Feltman,
Assessing the Strength of Hizballah
; see also statement of Frank Urbancic Jr.,
Hezbollah’s Global Reach
.

75.
Universal Strategy Group,
Directed Study of Lebanese Hezbollah
, produced for the United States Special Operations Command, Research and Analysis Division, October 2010, p. 3.

76.
Norton,
Hezbollah: Short History
, 33.

77.
Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing.”

78.
Qassem,
Hizbullah: Story from Within
, 98. Augustus Richard Norton disputes the founding timeline of Hezbollah leadership, but his version of events appears to contradict not only Hezbollah’s own account by those of the CIA as indicated in declassified CIA
reports referenced later in this book. According to Norton, “Although its leading members refer to 1982 as the year the group was founded, Hezbollah did not exist as a coherent organization until the mid-1980s. From 1982 through the mid-1980s it was less an organization than a cabal.” See Norton,
Hezbollah: Short History
, 34.

79.
Sami Hajjar, “Hizballah: Terrorism, National Liberation, or Menace?” Strategic Studies Institute, August 2002, 5.

80.
Magnus Ranstrop, “Hezbollah Training Camps in Lebanon,” in
The Making of a Terrorist
, ed. James Forest, vol. 2:
Training
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005), 252.

81.
US CIA, “Lebanon: Prospects for Fundamentalism.”

82.
Wright,
Sacred Rage
, 95.

83.
US CIA, “Lebanon: Prospects for Fundamentalism.”

84.
Wege, “Hizballah Security Apparatus.”

85.
Byman,
Deadly Connections
, 82.

86.
Qassem,
Hizbullah: Story from Within
, 66.

87.
As cited in the Center for Special Studies, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center special information bulletin, “Hezbollah,” June 2003.

88.
Viola Gienger, “Iran Gives Weapons, $200 Million a Year to Help Lebanese Hezbollah Re-Arm,”
Bloomberg
, April 20, 2010.

89.
“Iran Cutting Financial Aid to Hezbollah,”
Daily Star
(Beirut), October 12, 2011.

90.
Rabil, “Has Hezbollah’s Rise Come at Syria’s Expense?” 43–51.

91.
Hassan Fattah, “Hezbollah Declares Full Support for Syria,”
New York Times
, March 6, 2005.

92.
“An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program,”
Jerusalem Quarterly
48 (Fall 1988).

93.
US CIA, “Lebanon: Prospects for Fundamentalism.”

94.
“Backgrounder on Hezbollah,”
Council on Foreign Relations
.

95.
Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing”; Rabil, “Hezbollah: Lebanon’s Power Broker.”

96.
Qassem,
Hizbullah: Story from Within
, 64.

97.
Addis and Blanchard,
Hezbollah: Background and Issues for Congress
.

98.
Ibid.; Government of New Zealand, “Case to Designate Lebanese Hizbollah’s Military Wing”; Qassem,
Hizbullah: Story from Within
, 63–64.

99.
Naim Qassem, interview with al-Mustaqbal, December 31, 2000, as cited in Center for Special Studies, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center special information bulletin, “Hezbollah,” June 2003.