Fixing the Sky (54 page)
Authors: James Rodger Fleming
19
Quoted in Hoffman, Leidner, and Henderson, “Controlling the Global Weather,” 1.
Quoted in Hoffman, Leidner, and Henderson, “Controlling the Global Weather,” 1.
22
Mark Schleifstein, “Bill Gates of Microsoft Envisions Fighting Hurricanes by Manipulating the Sea,”
Times-Picayune
, July 15, 2009,
http://www.nola.com
.
Mark Schleifstein, “Bill Gates of Microsoft Envisions Fighting Hurricanes by Manipulating the Sea,”
Times-Picayune
, July 15, 2009,
http://www.nola.com
.
24
Burke, “Influence of Man,” 1036, 1049â1050.
Burke, “Influence of Man,” 1036, 1049â1050.
30
Shaler, “How to Change,” 728â729.
Shaler, “How to Change,” 728â729.
32
Borisov, “Radical Improvement of Climate.”
Borisov, “Radical Improvement of Climate.”
35
Takano and Higuchi, “Numerical Experiment.”
Takano and Higuchi, “Numerical Experiment.”
40
“Algerian Inland Sea.”
“Algerian Inland Sea.”
42
G. A. Thompson, “Proposes to Turn Sahara into a Sea,”
New York Times
, October 15, 1911, C1; Thompson, “Plan for Converting the Sahara.”
G. A. Thompson, “Proposes to Turn Sahara into a Sea,”
New York Times
, October 15, 1911, C1; Thompson, “Plan for Converting the Sahara.”
44
Johnson, “Climate Control.”
Johnson, “Climate Control.”
46
“Space Mirror.”
“Space Mirror.”
47
U.S. Army Air Forces, “Memorandum Report.”
U.S. Army Air Forces, “Memorandum Report.”
48
“Space Mirror.”
“Space Mirror.”
50
Hoyle and Lyttleton, “Effect of Interstellar Matter”; Krook, “Interstellar Matter.”
Hoyle and Lyttleton, “Effect of Interstellar Matter”; Krook, “Interstellar Matter.”
52
Bruno, “Bequest of the Nuclear Battlefield,” 259.
Bruno, “Bequest of the Nuclear Battlefield,” 259.
53
“Text of Johnson's Statement on Status of Nation's Defenses and Race for Space,”
New York Times
, January 8, 1958, 10.
“Text of Johnson's Statement on Status of Nation's Defenses and Race for Space,”
New York Times
, January 8, 1958, 10.
54
Fleming, “What Counts as Knowledge?”
Fleming, “What Counts as Knowledge?”
55
Walter Sullivan, “Called âGreatest Experiment,'”
New York Times
, March 19, 1959, 1; Christofilos, “Argus Experiment,” 869.
Walter Sullivan, “Called âGreatest Experiment,'”
New York Times
, March 19, 1959, 1; Christofilos, “Argus Experiment,” 869.
57
Rodin and Hess, “Weather Modification.”
Rodin and Hess, “Weather Modification.”
58
Lovell and Ryle, “Interference to Radio Astronomy.”
Lovell and Ryle, “Interference to Radio Astronomy.”
59
Kellogg, “Review of Saturn High Water Experiment,” 1.
Kellogg, “Review of Saturn High Water Experiment,” 1.
60
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” 1.
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” 1.
61
Kennedy, “Address to the United Nations,” n.p.
Kennedy, “Address to the United Nations,” n.p.
62
United Nations, “International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.”
United Nations, “International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.”
63
Wexler Papers; Yalda, “Harry Wexler.”
Wexler Papers; Yalda, “Harry Wexler.”
64
U.S. Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, “Facts Sheet”; Washington, “Computer Modeling.”
U.S. Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, “Facts Sheet”; Washington, “Computer Modeling.”
65
Price and Pales, “Mauna Loa Observatory.”
Price and Pales, “Mauna Loa Observatory.”
66
European Space Agency, “Harry Wexler.”
European Space Agency, “Harry Wexler.”
67
Wexler, “Modifying Weather on a Large Scale,” 1059.
Wexler, “Modifying Weather on a Large Scale,” 1059.
68
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control.”
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control.”
69
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 1; see also Fleming,
Callendar Effect
.
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 1; see also Fleming,
Callendar Effect
.
70
Robert C. Cowen, “Space Fuel: Weather Maker?”
Christian Science Monitor
, January 17, 1962, 5; Sumner Barton, “Space Taint Could Twist Weather,”
Boston Globe
, January 21, 1962, A5.
Robert C. Cowen, “Space Fuel: Weather Maker?”
Christian Science Monitor
, January 17, 1962, 5; Sumner Barton, “Space Taint Could Twist Weather,”
Boston Globe
, January 21, 1962, A5.
71
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” 1.
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” 1.
72
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 1.
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 1.
73
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” table 1.
Wexler, “On the Possibilities of Climate Control,” table 1.
74
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 2.
Wexler, “Further Justification for the General Circulation,” 2.
75
Chapman, “Gases of the Atmosphere,” 133.
Chapman, “Gases of the Atmosphere,” 133.
76
Wexler, “Deozonizer” memorandum.
Wexler, “Deozonizer” memorandum.
77
Malkin to Wexler, November 22, 1961, Wexler Papers.
Malkin to Wexler, November 22, 1961, Wexler Papers.
78
Manabe and Möller, “On the Radiative Equilibrium.”
Manabe and Möller, “On the Radiative Equilibrium.”
79
Wulf to Wexler, December 15, 1961, Wexler Papers.
Wulf to Wexler, December 15, 1961, Wexler Papers.
80
Wulf to Wexler, January 2, 1962, Wexler Papers.
Wulf to Wexler, January 2, 1962, Wexler Papers.
81
Wexler to Wulf, January 5, 1962, Wexler Papers.
Wexler to Wulf, January 5, 1962, Wexler Papers.
82
Wexler to Wulf, telephone call notes, December 20, 1961, Wexler Papers.
Wexler to Wulf, telephone call notes, December 20, 1961, Wexler Papers.
83
Crutzen, “Influence of Nitrogen Oxides”; Molina and Rowland, “Stratospheric Sink.”
Crutzen, “Influence of Nitrogen Oxides”; Molina and Rowland, “Stratospheric Sink.”
84
C. N. Touart to Wexler, January 11, 1962, Wexler Papers.
C. N. Touart to Wexler, January 11, 1962, Wexler Papers.
85
Wexler to Touart, January 19, 1962, Wexler Papers.
Wexler to Touart, January 19, 1962, Wexler Papers.
86
Wexler, “U.N. Symposium,” 2.
8. The Climate EngineersWexler, “U.N. Symposium,” 2.
1
Philip Shabecoff, “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate,”
New York Times
, June 24, 1988, 1.
Philip Shabecoff, “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate,”
New York Times
, June 24, 1988, 1.
3
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “IPCC History”; Bolin,
History of the Science and Politics
.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “IPCC History”; Bolin,
History of the Science and Politics
.
4
United Nations, “Framework Convention on Climate Change.”
United Nations, “Framework Convention on Climate Change.”
5
MacCracken, “Working Toward International Agreement.”
MacCracken, “Working Toward International Agreement.”
6
Hansen, “Tipping Point?” n.p.
Hansen, “Tipping Point?” n.p.
8
Schelling, “Economic Diplomacy,” 303.
Schelling, “Economic Diplomacy,” 303.
12
“OUP Blog.”
“OUP Blog.”
14
Keith, “Engineering the Earth System.”
Keith, “Engineering the Earth System.”
15
Keith, “Geoengineering the Climate,” 269.
Keith, “Geoengineering the Climate,” 269.
18
Quoted in “Terraforming Information Pages.”
Quoted in “Terraforming Information Pages.”
20
For example, Keith and Dowlatabadi, “Serious Look at Geoengineering”; Flannery et al., “Geoengineering Climate”; and Teller, Wood, and Hyde, “Global Warming and Ice Ages.”
For example, Keith and Dowlatabadi, “Serious Look at Geoengineering”; Flannery et al., “Geoengineering Climate”; and Teller, Wood, and Hyde, “Global Warming and Ice Ages.”
23
Robock, “20 Reasons,” 17â18
Robock, “20 Reasons,” 17â18
24
Robock, “Need for Organized Research.”
Robock, “Need for Organized Research.”
25
Luginbuhl, Walker, and Wainscoat, “Lighting and Astronomy.”
Luginbuhl, Walker, and Wainscoat, “Lighting and Astronomy.”
26
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, “Potential of Geo-engineering Solutions,” paragraph 2.13.
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, “Potential of Geo-engineering Solutions,” paragraph 2.13.
27
An interesting article on ethics, but with no mention of geoengineering, is Gardiner, “Ethics and Global Climate Change.” The work of philosophers Dale Jamieson and
Martin Bunzl also comes to mind. I was personally involved in sessions on geoengineering history, ethics, and policy at the American Geophysical Union (2005), at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2007), and elsewhere, but I would suggest that more work on this subject is essential.
An interesting article on ethics, but with no mention of geoengineering, is Gardiner, “Ethics and Global Climate Change.” The work of philosophers Dale Jamieson and
Martin Bunzl also comes to mind. I was personally involved in sessions on geoengineering history, ethics, and policy at the American Geophysical Union (2005), at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2007), and elsewhere, but I would suggest that more work on this subject is essential.
28
[Gavin Schmidt], “Geo-engineering in Vogue ...,” n.p.
[Gavin Schmidt], “Geo-engineering in Vogue ...,” n.p.
29
Ward, “How Far Can Man Control His Climate?”
Ward, “How Far Can Man Control His Climate?”
30
Danko, “Budyko,” 179â180; Gal'tsov, “Conference on Problems of Climate Control”; Budyko, “Heat Balance of the Earth.”
Danko, “Budyko,” 179â180; Gal'tsov, “Conference on Problems of Climate Control”; Budyko, “Heat Balance of the Earth.”
31
Shvets, “Control of Climate Through Stratospheric Dusting.”
Shvets, “Control of Climate Through Stratospheric Dusting.”
32
Black and Tarmy, “Use of Asphalt Coatings,” 557.
Black and Tarmy, “Use of Asphalt Coatings,” 557.
33
Dessens, “Man-made Tornadoes,” 13.
Dessens, “Man-made Tornadoes,” 13.
35
MacDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment”; Munk, Oreskes, and Muller, “Gordon James Fraser MacDonald.”
MacDonald, “How to Wreck the Environment”; Munk, Oreskes, and Muller, “Gordon James Fraser MacDonald.”
39
Yudin, “Possibilities for Influencing.”
Yudin, “Possibilities for Influencing.”
42
Kellogg and Schneider, “Climate Stabilization,” 1165.
Kellogg and Schneider, “Climate Stabilization,” 1165.
43
Santer et al., “Towards the Detection and Attribution.”
Santer et al., “Towards the Detection and Attribution.”
44
Kellogg and Schneider, “Climate Stabilization,” 1171.
Kellogg and Schneider, “Climate Stabilization,” 1171.
45
Marchetti, “On Geoengineering.”
Marchetti, “On Geoengineering.”
47
Dyson, “Can We Control the Carbon Dioxide?”; Dyson and Marland, “Technical Fixes”; “Question of Global Warming.”
Dyson, “Can We Control the Carbon Dioxide?”; Dyson and Marland, “Technical Fixes”; “Question of Global Warming.”
48
Schelling, “Climatic Change,” 469.
Schelling, “Climatic Change,” 469.
50
Penner, Schneider, and Kennedy, “Active Measures.”
Penner, Schneider, and Kennedy, “Active Measures.”
51
Early, “Space-Based Solar Shield.”
Early, “Space-Based Solar Shield.”
52
Tyson, “Five Points of Lagrange,” n.p.
Tyson, “Five Points of Lagrange,” n.p.
54
Stix, “Removal of Chlorofluorocarbons.”
Stix, “Removal of Chlorofluorocarbons.”
56
Nordhaus, “Optimal Transition Path,” 1317â1318.
Nordhaus, “Optimal Transition Path,” 1317â1318.
57
Schneider, “Earth Systems Engineering,” 418.
Schneider, “Earth Systems Engineering,” 418.
58
Summers, “Memo,” n.p.
Summers, “Memo,” n.p.
59
Quoted in ibid.
Quoted in ibid.
60
Nordhaus, “Challenge of Global Warming,” n.p.
Nordhaus, “Challenge of Global Warming,” n.p.
61
Fagin, “Tinkering with the Environment,” 7.
Fagin, “Tinkering with the Environment,” 7.
63
I thank Gregory Cushman for illuminating discussions on tropospheric pollution caused by cannon fire.
I thank Gregory Cushman for illuminating discussions on tropospheric pollution caused by cannon fire.
65
The quote is widely cited and is based on Martin and Fitzwater, “Iron Deficiency,” 341â343.
The quote is widely cited and is based on Martin and Fitzwater, “Iron Deficiency,” 341â343.
67
Buesseler et al., “Ocean Iron Fertilization”; quoted at Woods Hole ocean engineering meeting, September 2007.
Buesseler et al., “Ocean Iron Fertilization”; quoted at Woods Hole ocean engineering meeting, September 2007.
69
King, “Can Adding Iron?” 134.
King, “Can Adding Iron?” 134.
70
Lackner, “Capture.”
Lackner, “Capture.”
71
Keith, “Why Capture?”
Keith, “Why Capture?”
72
Lackner, “Submission.” I thank my colleague Thomas Shattuck for an enlightening discussion of chemical energetics.
Lackner, “Submission.” I thank my colleague Thomas Shattuck for an enlightening discussion of chemical energetics.
75
Schwartz and Randall, “Abrupt Climate Change,” n.p.
Schwartz and Randall, “Abrupt Climate Change,” n.p.
76
“Russian Scientist Suggests Burning Sulfur in Stratosphere to Fight Global Warming,”
MosNews
, November 30, 2005, n.p.
“Russian Scientist Suggests Burning Sulfur in Stratosphere to Fight Global Warming,”
MosNews
, November 30, 2005, n.p.
77
Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement.”
Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement.”
79
Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement,” 212.
Crutzen, “Albedo Enhancement,” 212.
80
U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Workshop Report
; Kintisch, “Tinkering”; Kintisch, “Giving Climate Change a Kick.”
U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Workshop Report
; Kintisch, “Tinkering”; Kintisch, “Giving Climate Change a Kick.”
81
Cicerone, “Geoengineering,” 221.
Cicerone, “Geoengineering,” 221.
82
“No Quick or Easy Technological Fix”; compare with “Five Ways to Save the World.”
“No Quick or Easy Technological Fix”; compare with “Five Ways to Save the World.”
83
Izrael et al., “Field Experiment,” 265.
Izrael et al., “Field Experiment,” 265.
84
Budyko, “Global Climate Warming,” n.p.
Budyko, “Global Climate Warming,” n.p.
85
Wood, “Stabilizing Changing Climate.”
Wood, “Stabilizing Changing Climate.”
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