First Contact (30 page)

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abiogenesis,
60
,
75
–76

adaptive optics,
92
–93

adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
56
–57

adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
56

Adler, Mark,
44

Alaska:

Mount Redoubt,
63
–67

Mount St. Augustine,
64
,
65

Allan Hills 84001 meteorite,
93
–94,
106
–14,
124
–25

Allen, Paul G.,
13
,
169

Allende meteorite,
69
,
115

Allen Telescope Array,
13
,
167
,
169
,
170

Alpha Centauri,
165
,
189

alternate life forms,
156

amino acids,
7
–8

creation of,
59
,
67
,
78

genetic codes of,
60

left-handedness of,
8
,
71
,
72

in meteorites,
74

Miller-Urey experiment,
59
–65,
76

and proteins,
35
,
56
,
60
,
67
,
70
,
72

in space,
74
,
76

at volcano mouths,
62
–63,
65
,
67

Amundsen, Hans Erik,
100
–101

Anbar, Ariel,
157

Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO),
127
–28

Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT),
127
–28,
134
,
135
–36

Antarctica,
33

Allan Hills 84001 Mars meteorite,
93
–94,
106
–14,
124
–25

Lake Bonney,
11
,
29
,
31

McMurdo Dry Valleys,
27
,
96

Taylor Glacier,
27
–30

Apollo program,
7
,
41
,
115

Aristotle,
183

Armstrong, Neil,
7

arsenic biosphere research,
156
–60

astrobiology,
4
–5,
7
,
149

chirality in,
69

consensus needed in,
105

emergence of,
35
,
60
,
130

and NASA,
4
,
12
–14,
130
,
158
,
160
,
181
,
184

and religion,
179
–85

secular debate over,
185
–90

and SETI,
173

social and political aspects of,
38
,
184

astronomy, establishment of,
137

Atacama Desert, Paranal, Chile,
11
,
83
–85,
87
–89,
93

atoms,
150

Bada, Jeffrey,
61
–62,
63
,
66
–68

Baross, John,
121

basal heterocyst,
116

Bates, Gary,
181

Beagle 2 probe,
44
–45,
101

Benford, Gregory and James,
174

Benner, Steven,
52
–55,
159

beryllium,
150

Biemann, Klaus,
41
,
42
,
43
,
123
–24

Big Bang,
73
,
153
,
182

biochemistry,
29

biology:

essentials of,
153

molecular,
61

synthetic,
38
,
56

biosignatures,
8

biosphere research,
156
–60

biotechnology,
38

black holes,
153

black smokers,
75
,
121

Bonney, Lake (Antarctica),
11
,
29
,
31

Borgonie, Gaetan,
19
–21,
22
,
23
–24

boron,
54

Boston, Penelope,
47
–49

Brahe, Tycho,
137

Braun, Wernher von,
115

Brownlee, Donald,
186

Bruno, Giordano,
137
,
138
,
179

Bryan, Richard,
169

bubble universe theory,
152

Bunsen, Robert,
86

Butler, Paul,
127
–40

Canadian Space Agency,
146

carbon,
6
,
70

in meteorites,
72
,
77
,
109
,
115
,
118
–19

production of,
150

carbon dioxide,
30
,
46
,
76
,
153

Carlsbad Caverns National Park,
47
–48

Carrigan, Matt,
56

Carrigan, Richard,
174

Cash, Webster,
144
–46,
148

Charbonneau, David,
141

chirality,
68
–69,
71
–72,
110

Christianity and first contact,
180
–85

Christner, Brent,
26
–30,
32
–33

Chyba, Chris,
37
,
38

Claus, George,
118

Cleland, Carol,
37
–38,
44
,
46
,
157
,
186