Fields of Blood (85 page)

119.
History of William Marshal,
trans. and ed. A. T. Holden, S. Gregory, and David Crouch, 2 vols. (London, 2002–6), lines 16,853–63.

120.
Kaeuper,
Holy Warriors,
pp. 38–49.

121.
Henry of Lancaster, “Book of Holy Remedies,” in E. J. Arnould, ed.,
Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines: The Unpublished Devotional Treatises of Henry of Lancaster
(Oxford, 1940), p. 4.

122.
Kaeuper,
Holy Warriors,
p. 194.

123.
Ibid., pp. 176–77.

124.
Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 233–39.

125.
Malcolm Barber,
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
(Cambridge, UK, 1994), pp. 280–313; Norman Cohn,
Europe’s Inner Demons; The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom
(London, 1975), pp. 79–101.

126.
Brian Tierney,
The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300
(Toronto, 1988), p. 172; J. H. Shennon,
The Origins of the Modern European State 1450–1725
(London, 1974); Quentin Skinner,
The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,
2 vols. (Cambridge, UK, 1978), 1:xxiii; A. Fall,
Medieval and Renaissance Origins: Historiographical Debates and Demonstrations
(London, 1991), p. 120.

127.
Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 244–46.

128.
J. N. Hillgarth,
Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France
(Oxford, 1971), pp. 107–11, 120.

129.
Christopher J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades, 1095–1588
(Chicago, 1988), pp. 324–43; William T. Cavanaugh,
Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meanings of the Church
(Grand Rapids, MI, 2011).

130.
John Barnie,
War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War, 1337–99
(Ithaca, NY, 1974), pp. 102–3.

131.
Mastnak,
Crusading Peace,
pp. 248–51; Thomas J. Renna, “Kingship in the
Disputatio inter clericum et militem,
”
Speculum
48 (1973).

132.
Ernst K. Kantorowicz, “
Pro Patria Mori
in Medieval Political Thought,”
American Historical Review
56, no. 3 (1951): 244, 256.

1.
Felipe Fernández-Armesto,
1492 : The Year the Four Corners of the Earth Collided
(New York, 2009), pp. 9–11, 52.

2.
Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization,
3 vols. (Chicago and London, 1974), 3:14–15, 2:334–60.

3.
John H. Kautsky,
The Politics of the Aristocratic Empires,
2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ, and London, 1997), p. 146.

4.
Perry Anderson,
Lineages of the Absolutist State
(London, 1974), p. 505.

5.
Fernández-Armesto,
1492
, pp. 2–4.

6.
Timothy H. Parsons,
The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail
(Oxford, 2010), p. 117; Peter Jay,
Road to Riches, or The Wealth of Man
(London, 2000), pp. 147.

7.
Jay,
Road to Riches,
pp. 151, 152–53.

8.
Henry Kamen,
Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763
(New York, 2003), p. 83.

9.
Howard Zinn,
A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present,
2nd ed. (London and New York, 1996), p. 11.

10.
Massimo Livi Bacci,
A Concise History of World Population
(Oxford, 1997), pp. 56–59.

11.
Parsons,
Rule of Empires,
pp. 121, 117.

12.
Jay,
Road to Riches,
p. 150.

13.
Mark Levene,
Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide
(London and New York, 2005), pp. 15–29.

14.
Cajetan,
On Aquinas’ Secunda Scundae,
q. 66, art. 8, quoted in Richard Tuck,
The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant
(Oxford, 1999), p. 70.

15.
Francisco de Vitoria,
Political Writings,
ed. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrence (Cambridge, UK, 1991), pp. 225–26.

16.
Thomas More,
Utopia,
ed. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (Cambridge, UK, 1989), pp. 89–90, 58.

17.
Tuck,
Rights of War and Peace,
p. 15.
Max Weber made the same point in 1906; cf.
From Max Weber,
trans. and ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (London, 1948), pp. 71–72.

18.
The Tacitus passage is quoted in Grotius’s
The Rights of War and Peace, in Three Books
(London, 1738), 2:2:17, and in Tuck,
Rights of War and Peace,
pp. 47–48.

19.
Aristotle,
Politics
1256.b.22, in
The Basic Works of Aristotle,
ed. Richard McKeon (New York, 1941).

20.
Henry Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision
(London, 1997), pp. 45, 68, 137.

21.
Paul Johnson,
A History of the Jews
(London, 1987), pp. 225–29.

22.
Haim Beinart,
Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real
(Jerusalem, 1981), pp. 3–6.

23.
Norman Roth,
Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain
(Madison, WI, 1995), pp. 283–84, 19.

24.
Fernández-Armesto,
1492
, pp. 94–96.

25.
Johnson,
History of Jews,
p. 229; Yirmiyahu Yovel,
Spinoza and Other Heretics,
vol. 1:
The Marrano of Reason
(Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 17–18.

26.
Johnson,
History of Jews,
pp. 225–29.

27.
Kamen,
Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 57–59; E. William Monter,
Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily
(Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 53.

28.
Kamen,
Spanish Inquisition,
p. 69.

29.
Robin Briggs, “Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy,” in Euan Cameron, ed.,
Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History
(Oxford, 1999), pp. 197–205.

30.
Jay,
Road to Riches,
pp. 160–63.

31.
Henri Pirenne,
Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade
(Princeton, NJ, 1946), pp. 168–212; Bert F. Hoselitz,
Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth
(New York, 1960), pp. 163–72.

32.
Norman Cohn,
Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages
(London, 1984 ed.), pp. 107–16.

33.
Euan Cameron, “The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation,” in Cameron,
Early Modern Europe,
pp. 87–90.

34.
Richard Marius,
Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 1999), pp. 73–74, 214–15, 486–87.

35.
Joshua Mitchell,
Not by Reason Alone: History and Identity in Early Modern Political Thought
(Chicago, 1993), pp. 23–30.

36.
Martin Luther, “Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed,” trans. J. J. Schindel, rev. Walther I. Brandt, in J. M. Porter, ed.,
Luther: Selected Political Writings
(hereafter
SPW
) (Eugene, OR, 2003), pp. 54, 55, 56.

37.
Martin Luther, “Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved,” trans. Charles M. Jacobs, rev. Robert C. Schultz, in
SPW,
p. 108.

38.
J. W. Allen,
A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century
(London, 1928), p. 16; Sheldon S. Wolin,
Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought
(Boston, 1960), p. 164.

39.
Cohn,
Pursuit of Millennium,
pp. 245–50.

40.
Martin Luther, “Admonition to Peace: A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Peasants in Swabia” (1525), trans. J. J. Schindel, rev. Walther I. Brandt, in
SPW,
pp. 72, 78, 82.

41.
Martin Luther, “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants” (1525), trans. Charles M. Jacobs, rev. Robert C. Schultz, in
SPW,
p. 86.

42.
Steven Ozment,
The Reformation of the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland
(New Haven, CT, 1975), pp. 10–11, 123–25, 148–50.

43.
Charles A. McDaniel Jr., “Violent Yearnings for the Kingdom of God: Münster’s Militant Anabaptism,” in James K. Wellman, ed.
Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence Across Time and Tradition
(Lanham, MD, 2007), p. 74. The social danger persisted, even though in the last days of
Anabaptist Münster, its leader
Jan of Leyden set himself up as king and introduced a pseudo-imperial court and a reign of terror.

44.
Cohn,
Pursuit of Millennium,
pp. 255–79.

45.
I have discussed this at length in
The Case for God
(London and New York, 2009). See also Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind
(New York, 1962); Smith,
Belief in History
(Charlottesville, VA, 1985); Smith,
Faith and Belief
(Princeton, NJ, 1987).

46.
William T. Cavanaugh,
The Myth of Religious Violence
(Oxford, 2009), pp. 72–74.

47.
Thomas More,
A Dialogue Concerning Heresies,
ed. Thomas M. C. Lawlor (New Haven, CT, 1981), p. 416.

48.
François André Isambert, ed.,
Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l’an 420 jusqu’à la Révolution de 1789
(Paris, 1821–33), 12:819.

49.
Brad S. Gregory,
Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, MA, and London, 1999), p. 201.

50.
Raymond A. Mentzer,
Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500–1560
(Philadelphia, 1984), p. 172.

51.
Philip Spierenberg,
The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Pre-Industrial Metropolis to the European Experience
(Cambridge, UK, 1984); Lionello Puppi,
Torment in Art: Pain, Violence, and Martyrdom
(New York, 1991), pp. 11–69.

52.
Gregory,
Salvation at Stake,
pp. 77–79.

53.
David Nicholls, “The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation,”
Past and Present
no. 121 (1998); Susan Brigdon,
London and the Reformation
(Oxford, 1989), p. 607; Mentzer,
Heresy Proceedings,
p. 71.

54.
Gregory,
Salvation at Stake,
pp. 80–81.

55.
Deuteronomy 13:1–3, 5, 6–11, quoted by Johannes Eck,
Handbook of Commonplaces
(1525), and by
Calvin to justify his execution of
Michael Servetus, who denied the doctrine of the Trinity.

56.
Gregory,
Salvation at Stake,
pp. 84–87, 111, 154, 261–69.

57.
William Allen,
Apologie of the English College
(Douai, 1581); Gregory,
Salvation at Stake,
p. 283.

58.
Gregory,
Salvation at Stake,
pp. 285–86.

59.
Kamen,
Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 204–13, 203, 98.

60.
Ibid., pp. 223–45.

61.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
p. 122.

62.
J. V. Poliskensky,
War and Society in Europe, 1618–1848
(Cambridge, UK, 1978), pp. 77, 154, 217.

63.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
pp. 142–55.

64.
Richard S. Dunn,
The Age of Religious Wars, 1559–1689
(New York, 1970), p. 6; James D. Tracy,
Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics
(Cambridge, UK, 2002), pp. 45–47, 306.

65.
Wim Blockmans,
Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558
(London and New York, 2002), pp. 95, 110; William Maltby,
The Reign of Charles V
(New York, 2002), pp. 112–13.

66.
Tracy,
Charles V,
p. 307; Blockmans,
Charles V,
p. 47.

67.
Klaus Jaitner, “The Pope and the Struggle for Power during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, eds.,
War and Peace in Europe,
3 vols. (Münster, 1998), 1:62.

68.
Maltby,
Reign of Charles V,
p. 62; Tracy,
Charles V,
pp. 209–15.

69.
Tracy,
Charles V,
pp. 32–34, 46.

70.
Maltby,
Reign of Charles V,
pp. 62–62.

71.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
p. 164.

72.
Dunn,
Age of Religious Wars,
pp. 49, 50–51.

73.
Steven Gunn, “War, Religion, and the State,” in Cameron,
Early Modern Europe,
p. 244.

74.
Cavanaugh,
Myth of Religious Violence,
pp. 145–47, 153–58.

75.
James Westfall Thompson,
The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576 : The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici, Philip II,
2nd ed. (New York, 1957); Lucien Romier, “A Dissident Nobility Under the Cloak of Religion,” in J. H. M. Salmon, ed.,
The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors?
(Lexington, MA, 1967); Henri Hauser, “Political Anarchy and Social Discontent,” cited in Salmon,
French Wars.