Europe: A History (275 page)

Charles I, King of England 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 572

Charles II, King of England 549, 553, 628–9

Charles II, King of Spain 625

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 485, 523–4, 525–6, 529

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 646

Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor 646

Charles X, King of France 803, 804

Charles X, King of Sweden 554

Charles XII, King of Sweden 640, 653

Charles XIV, King of Sweden 737

‘Charter 77’ 1107, 1115

Chateaubriand, François-René 683

Chaucer, Geoffrey 423

Chechenia 816, 869, 1298

Chechens 743, 816, 869, 1298

Cheka 960, 962

Chemistry 530, 599, 642, 772–3, 791–2

Chernobyl
855–6
, 1097

Chernyenko, Konstantin 1093

Childhood
514–15, 1210

Chillingworth, William 601

China 851

Chmielnicki, Bogdan
(see
Khmelnytsky)

Cholera 776–7

Chopin, Fryderyk 788, 820

Christendom 7–10

Christian Democracy 1071–2

Christian IV of Denmark 564

Christianity

Arianism 205, 209, 258, 259

belief
503

Bible and
196, 282–3

chastity
198–9

Christian internationalism
922–3

Deism 601

Dualism
322–3

Early Middle Ages 292–3

ecumenism 1078

European culture and 9

General Councils 205–6, 258, 259, 265–6, 273

Gnosticism 200

heresy 205

holy relics 274–5

hymns 486–8

Iconoclasm 245–6, 273

Jansenism 621

Judaism and 197, 199–200

magic and 405–6

medieval 403–4

Methodism 594–5, 797

Monasticism 266, 315, 319, 345

mystical tradition 436–7

nineteenth century 794–7, 799

origins and development 192–3, 195–7, 199–200, 203, 205–6

Pietism 594, 797

pilgrimage
278

post-1945 1078–9

Quietism 594, 620, 621

Schism (1054) 328, 330, 332

sin
264–5

spread of 275–7, 280–2, 321, 323–6, 328, 1236

theology 192–206, 258–66,
264–5
, 403–4, 433, 482–96, 497–502, 601,
793–4
, 795–9, 952

toleration 794–5

Trinitarians 205–6, 259
(see also
Atheism, Humanism, Islam, Judaism, Paganism, Protestant, Roman Catholic Uniate and Orthodox Churches

Christina, Queen of Sweden 554, 573–4

Chrysoloras, Manuel 477

Churchill, Winston 883, 885–6, 907, 938, 990, 1008, 1027, 1028, 1036–7, 1042, 1047, 1051, 1065–6

Cicero, M. Tullius 176–7

Cinema 770, 918–19, 958

Cisalpine Republic 731

Cistercian Order 345

Cities 98, 102–7,
105–7, 159
, 165,
187–8
, 207–8, 342–3, 370, 398–401, 477, 536,
622–3
, 681, 771, 782, 1222

Classical Tradition
120–1
, 471–2, 586, 1205

Claudius, Roman Emperor
188

Clausewitz, Karl von 780

Cleisthenes
130–1

Clemenceau, George 910, 927, 928

Clement, Bishop of Rome 203

Clement IV, Pope 378

Clement IX, Pope 593

Clement XIV, Pope 594

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt 139, 156

Climate 49, 65

Climatology, historical 67, 1220

Clocks
434–5

Clovis, King of the Salian Franks 232, 234, 276

Cnossos 76, 81, 89–94, 1205

Cobban, Alfred 689

Code Napoléon 712

Codreanu, Corneliu
968–9

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 602, 618–19

Cold War 1109–17, 1212

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 682, 683

Collective Security 986

Collectivism 682

Colour 710, 772–3

Columban Exchange 515

Columbus, Christopher 454–5, 511, 516, 1209

Comecon (CMEA) 1101, 1104, 1108, 1123

Cominform 1066

Comintern 1066

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 1077, 1081, 1085, 1128

Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS) 1127, 1134,

Communications 51,
156
, 681–2, 767–8, 1273

Communism
491
, 944–8, 952

Communist Parties 1072

Comte, Auguste 790

Condé, Prince de, Due d’Enghien 565

Condillac, Etienne, Abbé de 598

Confederation of the Rhine 729, 733, 754, 762

Conference for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (CSCE) 1334

Congress of Europe (1948) 1066

Congress System 763

Conservatism 812

Constable, John 688

Constantine Copronymos, Byzantine

Emperor 246

Constantine VU Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine

Emperor 318, 320

Constantine the Great, Roman Emperor 192, 206, 208–9, 210, 211, 212, 1206

Constantinople

conquest of (1203–4) 359–60

Constantinople
(cont.):

fall of (1453) 446, 448, 450

foundation of (326
AD)
206, 208, 211, 212

Constance, Council of (1414–17) 417, 419, 428, 438

Constitutional History 580, 603, 1265, 1320, 1321
(see also
Absolutism, Autocracy,Democracy, Inter-War dictatorships, Law,Liberalism, Republicanism, Totalitarianism)

Contraception
183–4, 958

Copernicus, Mikolaj Kopernik 507–8

Corday, Charlotte 677

Cordoba
256–7

Corfu
740

Corn Dollies
75–6

Corsica
628
, 725

Cortez, Hernando 511

Corvinus, Matyas Hunyadi, King of

Hungary 520–1,
522

Council of Europe 42, 1084, 1087, 1334

Counter-Reformation 496–7, 502–7

Courland 580–1

Coventry 1008

Cranach, Lucas 1209

Crassus, M. Lucinius
166–7

Cravate
615

Crêpy-en-Valois, Treaty of (1544) 545

Crete 81, 89–94,
562–3
(see also
Knossos, Minoan Civilization)

Crimea 61,
105–6
, 1290

Crimean War 870

Croatia 235, 335, 561,
615
, 707, 720, 730–1, 979, 1010, 1124, 1230–1, 1307, 1313, 1319
(see also
Ustashi)

Croce, Benedetto 861

Cromwell, Oliver 549, 552, 553

Cross
194–5
, 1228–9

Crusades

Fourth Crusade 359–60

Northern 362–4

origins 345, 348

Palestine and 358–9

Crusading Orders 359

C.S.C.E. 1115, 1334

Cuban Missiles Crisis 1111, 1113

Culloden Moor, battle of (1746) 632

Cultural circles 1238

Cultural gradient 52, 54–5

Cultural property
742
(see
Polovtsians)

Cultural History 9–31, 104–32, 174–9, 192–206, 348–50, 399–401, 431–44, 469–510, 569–75, 586–614, 664–74, 682–8, 775, 782–99, 854–65, 951–8, 1076–9, 1098–9, 1238
(see also
Anthropology, Arts, Dress, Folklore, Myth, Philosophy, Religious History, Ritual, Symbolism)

Cumans
(see
Polovtsians)

Curses
431

Cusanus, Nicholas 436

Cynics 124

Czartoryski, Prince Adam 610, 739, 826

Czechoslovakia 1317

destruction (1938–9) 987, 990–1, 993, 995

independence (1918) 921, 927

inter-war politics 977, 978–9

‘normalization’ 1106, 1107

post-1945 1105–7

Prague coup (1948) 1067

‘Prague Spring’ 1105–6

revolution of 1989 1123

Sudeten question 987, 990

Częstochowa 556, 1207

D’Alembert, Jean 599, 608

D’Annunzio, Gabriele 822

D’Holbach, Baron 598, 601

Da Gama, Vasco
451

Da Ponte, Lorenzo, Abbé 665, 668, 670, 672

Da Vinci, Leonardo 473,
476
, 481

Daladier, Edouard 977

Dalberg, Karl Theodor, Freiherr von 733

Dance
472

Danish Sound
60

Dante, Alighieri 399–401, 688, 1208

Danton, Georges 697, 698–9, 702, 703, 710, 711

Danube
64

Danube Basin 62–3

Darwin, Charles 790, 792,
793–4
, 794

Datini, Francesco
442–3

David, Jacques-Louis 688

DawesPlan 942, 943

Death
194, 204, 706–7, 905, 909, 924–5, 963, 965
, 968–9,
1004–5, 1026–7
, 1328–9

De-colonization 1068–70

De Gasperi, Alcide 1066, 1083

De Gaulle, Charles 935, 1006, 1041, 1069, 1072, 1073, 1075, 1085–6

De Gourges, Olympe 716–17

De Maistre, Joseph 601–2, 704, 713, 780

De Maricourt, Pierre 436

De Montfort, Simon, Earl of Leicester 357, 377, 378

De Quincy, Thomas 787

De Staël, Mme Germaine Necker 683

De Tocqueville, Alexis 689

De Valera, Eamon 944

De Villeneuve, Jérome Petion 702

Debrecen 494

Deism 601

Delia Francesca, Piero
474–5
, 1209

Delors, Jacques 1085, 1118, 1119, 1120

Democracy
130–1, 297
, 550–1, 578, 580, 631, 693–9, 793–811, 943–4, 969, 1068, 1071–5, 1128
(see also
Human Rights, National Self-determination)

Democritus 119

Demography 1294

Demosthenes 117

Denikin, Anton 929

Denmark

colonialism 581

eighteenth century 640

Enlightenment 737–8

French Revolutionary Wars and 737–8

loss of Norway 737

loss of Sweden 553

medieval 328, 363, 431

Reformation 492

Thirty Years War 564

Vikings in 293–4, 308
(see also
Norway, Vikings, Scandinavia)

Derrida, Jacques 6, 1076

Descartes, René 509

Desmoulins, Camille 694, 702, 710

Détente 1092, 1112, 1115–16

Diaz, Bartholomew 451

Dickens, Charles 788

Diderot, Denis 599, 601

Diocletian, Roman Emperor 192

Diogenes of Sinope 124

Dionysus Exiguus
167–8

Diplomacy 523–4

Dirham
295–6

Disarmament 874–5, 949–50, 1113–15, 1117

Disease
233, 431, 511

Disraeli, Benjamin 775, 810, 845

Dmowski, Roman 822, 828, 914

Doenitz, Karl 1029, 1054, 1055

Dolfuss, Engelbert
986

Dollinger, Johann J.I, von 795, 796

Dominicans (Order of Preachers) 360

Domitian, Roman Emperor 189

Dönhoff, Marion
1043–4

Dostoyevsky, Feodor
498–9
, 788, 817

Drama 115–17, 176, 439, 482,
548
, 589, 682, 862

Drebber, Cornelius 529

Dreikaiserbund 871

Dresden
414–15

Dress
427
, 595,
615
, 774

Dreyfus Affair 803

Drogheda, Sack of (1649) 552, 553

Dryden, John 574, 589, 598

Dual Alliance 871

Dual Entente 871

Dubček, Alexander 1105, 1106, 1107

Due de Sully 539, 541,
662–3

Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste 43, 44

Dutch East India Company 513

Dzierzyński, Felix 931, 935

Eagle 157, 1228–9

Early Modern Period 471

East India Company 513, 580

East Prussia 1043–4

East-West Relations
1109–17

Easter
201–1

Eastern Europe

collapse of Communism 1122–4

De-communization 1124–5

National Communism 1101–19

Stalinism 1099–1101
(see also
Soviet Bloc)

Eastern Question 643, 869–71, 874, 1284, 1309

Eckhart, Johann 437

Ecology 66,
99–100
(see
also
Environment)

Economic History 71, 74–81, 75–6, 160–5,
163, 164
, 239–40,
295–6
, 311–16,
340–1, 350
, 366–70,
369–70
, 371, 412,
416, 424–5
, 510–18, 523,
525
, 580–2,
583–4
, 602,
604–5, 630
, 679–82, 764–82,
832–4
, 848–53, 942–3, 958–9, 960–1, 965–6, 991–2, 1063–4, 1080–2, 1084–7, 1096–7
(see also
Agriculture, Economics, Finance, Industry, Technology, Trade)

Economics 436,
604–5

Eden, Anthony 1038

Education
609–10
, 863

Edward I, King of England 408, 409

EEC
1007
(see also
European Economic Community)

Egypt (Ancient) 91, 92, 119, 122, 133, 135

Eichendorff, Joseph von 784–5

Eichmann, Adolf 1016

Einstein, Albert
857

Eisenstein, Sergei
918–19

Eirik the Red
319–30

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1039, 1045, 1112

Eleanour of Aquitaine 354–5

Elias, Norbert
346–7
, 456

Electricity
124

Elgin Marbles
741–2

El Greco 1209

Eliot, T. S. 9, 952,
954

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 652

Elizabeth I, Queen of England 494, 545

Elysée Treaty (1963) 1073

Empedocles 119

Encyclopaedias 599, 601

Engels, Friedrich 837, 838

England

Anglicanism 490, 494, 594

Anglo-Saxons 231–2, 293, 308, 339, 1207

Calvinism 492, 494

Christianity and 277, 280–1

colonialism 513, 549, 580

Counter-Reformation 503

Early Middle Ages 308

Enclosure movement 584, 602, 632

English Commonwealth 494, 553

‘Glorious Revolution’ (1688) 629, 631

Latitudinarianism 594

Law 439

medieval 408, 423, 425

Methodism 594–5

origins 231–2

Parliament 408, 550–1, 552–3

England
(cont.):

Reformation 490

Union with Scotland (1707) 36, 628, 631–2, 1285

Union with Ireland (1801) 637, 737, 1285
(see also
United Kingdom)

English Civil War 549–53