Ebony and Ivy (51 page)

34
. “Diary of William Chancellor,” 9–12, 50; Wax, “Philadelphia Surgeon on a Slaving Voyage,” 465–93.

35
. Lydon, “New York and the Slave Trade,” 393; John Watts to Gedney Clarke, Esq., 30 March 1762,
The Letter Book of John Watts: Merchant and Councillor of New York, January 1, 1762–December 22, 1765
, vol. LXI of
The Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1928
(New York: Printed for the Society, 1928), 31–32; Joyce Lee Malcolm,
Peter's War: A New England Slave Boy and the American Revolution
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 5; Phillis Wheatley,
Memoir and Poems of Phillis
Wheatley: A Native African and a Slave. Dedicated to the Friends of the Africans
, 2nd ed. (Boston: Light and Horton, 1835), 9–10.

36
. Kenneth P. Minkema, “Jonathan Edwards's Defense of Slavery,”
Massachusetts Historical Review
IV (2002): 23–30; Edmund S. Morgan,
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 125; Justin Winsor, ed.,
The Memorial History of Boston, Including Suffolk County, Massachusetts, 1630–1880
(Boston: James R. Osgood, 1882), II:262; William B. Weeden,
Economic and Social History of New England, 1620–1789
(New York: Hillary House, 1963), II:627; Peter Faneuil to Capt. Peter Buckley (Bulkeley), 3 February 1738,
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1863–1864
(Boston: Printed for the Society, 1864), 7:418–19; William Vassall to James Wedderburn, 22 April 1771, “Letter Book 1, November 27th, 1769–July 24th, 1786,” 23–24, Vassall Letter Books, 1769–1800, collection of the Boston Public Library; Frank Edward Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel,
James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2004), 46;
Historical Register of Harvard University, 1636–1926
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1937), 70;
Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College, 1860–61
(Cambridge, MA: Welch, Bigelow, 1862), 45; Daniel C. Littlefield, “Plantations, Paternalism, and Profitability: Factors Affecting African Demography in the Old British Empire,”
Journal of Southern History
, May 1981, 167–82.

37
. “Diary of William Chancellor,” 12–34.

38
. Ibid., 23–25, 35–53; Wax, “Philadelphia Surgeon on a Slaving Voyage,” 465–93.

39
. “Diary of William Chancellor,” 84–86;
New-York Gazette
, 13 May 1751; New York Colony Treasurer's Office, “Reports of Goods Imported (Manifest Books) to New York,” Box 11; Wax, “Philadelphia Surgeon on a Slaving Voyage,” 465–93.

40
. Klein, ed.,
Independent Reflector
, 6–33; Milton M. Klein,
The Politics of Diversity: Essays in the History of Colonial New York
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1974), 97–107.

41
. William Smith,
A General Idea of the College of Mirania; With a Sketch of the Method of Teaching Science and Religion, in the Several Classes: And Some Account of Its Rise, Establishment and Building. Address'd More Immediately to the Consideration of the Trustees Nominated, by the Legislature, to Receive Proposals, &c. Relating to the Establishment of a College in the Province of New-York
(New York: J. Parker and W. Weyman, 1753); Benjamin Franklin to Samuel Johnson, 19 August 1750, Samuel Johnson Papers, Letter Books, vol. I, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University;
Additional Charter of the College, Academy, and Charity-School of Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania
(Philadelphia: B. Franklin and D. Hall, 1755), 10; George B. Wood,
Early History of the University of Pennsylvania: From Its
Origin to the Year 1827
, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896), 222–30; William D. Carrell, “Biographical List of American College Professors to 1800,”
History of Education Quarterly
, Autumn 1968, 359; Elizabeth DeLancey to Cadwallader Colden, 24 June 1755,
Letters and Papers of Cadwallader Colden
, IX:152–53.

42
. Klein, ed.,
Independent Reflector
, 36–46; Beverly McAnear, “College Founding in the American Colonies, 1745–1775,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, June 1955, 24–26.

43
. Just months before the granting of the college charter, New York's merchants petitioned to move the administrative center of Jamaica-including the governor's house, the courts, and the public records office-from St. Jago de la Vega to Kingston in order to facilitate trade, particularly the commerce in slaves and the products of slavery. The governor conceded, but the capital was not formally moved until the next century. The regular trustees of the new college were a significant subset of these signatories.
Catalogue of the Governors, Trustees, and Officers and of the Alumni and Other Graduates, of Columbia College
. The original trustees and sponsors were checked against the New York Colony Treasurer's Office, “Reports of Goods Imported (Manifest Books) to New York,” and Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America
, III:462–512. See also Harrington,
New York Merchant on the Eve of the Revolution
, 23–24, 134; “To the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations-May it Please Your Lordships-The Merchants residing in the city of New York and trading to the Island of Jamaica …,” 30 July 1754, EST 9/74, National Archives, United Kingdom.

44
. Harrington,
New York Merchant on the Eve of the Revolution
, 34; New York Colony Treasurer's Office, “Reports of Goods Imported (Manifest Books) to New York,” Box 12; Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade
, 462–512; Lydon, “New York and the Slave Trade,” 379–81.

45
. King's College was bounded by Murray Street to the north, Barclay to the south, and Church and Chapel to the east and west, respectively. Robinson Street intersected east-west but did not run through the campus. See “Plan for the City of New-York, with Recent and Intended Improvements. Drawn from an Actual Survey by William Bridges, City Surveyor, A.D. 1807,” New York Public Library Map Room. See also Thomas Bradbury Chandler,
The Life of Samuel Johnson, D.D. The First President of King's College, in New-York
(New York: T. and F. Swords, 1805), 87–90; Clement Clarke Moore,
The Early History of Columbia College: An Address Delivered Before the Alumni on May 4, 1825, by Clement Clarke Moore of the Class of 1798, Author of “‘Twas the Night Before Christmas”
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), 5; Klein, ed.,
Independent Reflector
, 34–35; Nathaniel Fish Moore,
An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New-York
(New York, 1846), 12–20; E. B. O'Callahan, M.D., LL.D.,
Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York; Procured in Holland, England and France, by John Romeyn Brodhead, Esq., Agent, Under and by Virtue of an Act of the Legislature Entitled “An Act to Appoint an Agent to Procure and Transcribe Documents in Europe Relative to the Colonial History of the State,” Passed May 2, 1839
(Albany, NY: Weed, Parson, 1853–), VII:528n.

46
. Last wills and testaments of Peter Van Brugh, 23 May 1740, and James Alexander, 13 March 1745, in Peter Van Brugh Livingston, “Record Book of Deeds, Mortgages, etc, 1667–1803,” New York State Library. See the correspondence of Robert Livingston and Peter Van Brugh Livingston, Storke and Gainsborough, Correspondence with American Merchants, NYS Miscellaneous Collections, Box 5.

47
. Brendan McConville,
These Daring Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 31–36.

48
. The last wills and testaments of Philip Livingston, 15 July 1748, and James Alexander, March 13, 1745, in Livingston, “Record Book of Deeds, Mortgages, etc, 1667–1803”; New York Colony Treasurer's Office, “Reports of Goods Imported (Manifest Books) to New York”; John Watts to James Napier, 1 June 1765,
Letter Book of John Watts
, 354–56.

49
. “Report of the Meeting of the Governors of the College of New York (King's College), Reading of the Royal Charter of Incorporation, and Report of the Governors' Taking the Oath of Office, New York, 1755,”
The New-York Post-Boy, or Weekly Gazette
, May 12, 1755, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

50
.
Pennsylvania Gazette
, 16 September 1742; Peter Fryer,
Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain
(London: Pluto, 1984), 46; D. M. Joslin, “London Private Bankers, 1720–1785,”
Economic History Review
7, no. 2 (1954): 184; entry for 25 June 1750, in
Minutes of the Trustees of the College, Academy and Charitable Schools of the University of Pennsylvania
, vol. 1,
1749–1768
, 7; Frederick B. Tolles,
Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia
(New York: Norton, 1948), 151; Allen B. Ballard,
One More Day's Journey: The Story of a Family and a People
(Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2011), 18–20; George E. Thomas and David B. Brownlee,
Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 26–27; William Smith,
A Poem on Visiting the Academy of Philadelphia, June 1753
(Philadelphia, 1753), 15n; Gaspar,
Bondmen and Rebels
, 21–30; Richard B. Sheridan,
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775
(Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2000), 200–203;
Catalogue of the Governors, Trustees, and Officers and of the Alumni and Other Graduates, of Columbia College
, 8.

51
. Cheesman A. Herrick,
White Servitude in Pennsylvania: Indentured and Redemption Labor in the Colony and Commonwealth
(Philadelphia: John Joseph McVey, 1926), esp. 57–99.

52
. A founder of Bethlehem Steel, Joseph Wharton began his manufacturing career as one of many Quakers in the iron industry of Pennsylvania. He also joined Samuel Willetts, the New York merchant and Quaker, in founding Swarthmore College (1864), and he later became the founder of the Wharton School of Business (1881) at the University of Pennsylvania, the nation's first such university program. Willets also left Swarthmore a major gift in his will. Thomas M. Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 152–57; Samuel M. Janney,
The Life of William Penn: With Selections from His Correspondence and Auto-Biography
(Philadelphia: Hogan, Perkins, 1852), 422; Herrick,
White Servitude in Pennsylvania
, 92–94; Wax, “Negro Imports into Pennsylvania, 1720–1766,” 254–87; Sheryllynne Haggerty,
The British-Atlantic Community, 1760–1810
(Leiden: Brill, 2006), esp. 170; Darold D. Wax, “Africans on the Delaware: The Pennsylvania Slave Trade, 1759–1765,”
Pennsylvania History
, January 1983, 38–39; see the voluminous correspondence with David Barclay in William Allen, Letterbook Commencing 31 July 1753, Shippen Family Papers, 1749–1860, Box 3, Historical Society of Pennsylvania;
Pennsylvania Gazette
, 8 June 1749, 30 August 1750, 10 October 1754, 23 November 1752;
American Weekly Mercury
, 13–20 June 1728; W. Ross Yates,
Joseph Wharton: Quaker Industrial Pioneer
(Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 1987), esp. 211–26;
New York Times
, 14 February 1883.

53
. Wax, “Africans on the Delaware,” 41–44; Wax, “Negro Imports into Pennsylvania, 1720–1766,” 254–87;
Pennsylvania Gazette
, 25 June 1747; Doerflinger,
A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise
, 38, 48.

54
. Wax, “Africans on the Delaware,” 42; Wax, “Negro Imports into Pennsylvania, 1720–1766,” 254–87;
American Weekly Mercury
, 19–26 April 1739, 7 May 1741, 18–25 June 1741.

55
. Wax, “Negro Imports into Pennsylvania, 1720–1766,” 254–87;
Pennsylvania Gazette
, 8–15 March 1739, 5–12 July 1739, 15 October 1741, 1 July 1742, 26 October 1749, 26 September 1751, 11 June 1752;
American Weekly Mercury
, 7 May 1741, 6–13 September 1744; Herrick,
White Servitude in Pennsylvania
, esp. 57–99.

56
. Gertrude Selwyn Kimball,
Providence in Colonial Times
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 270–71; Wax, “Negro Imports into Pennsylvania, 1720–1766,” 285.

57
. James T. Campbell et al.,
Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
(Providence: Brown University, October 2006), 12–25; orders and letters from Nicholas Brown and
Company to Esek Hopkins, dated 10 September 1764, 9 November 1765, 16 November 1765, and 8 January 1766, and “Brig. Salley's Account Book, 1765,” 16–86, University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice, Brown University Library.

58
. Graham Russell Hodges,
Slavery and Freedom in the Rural North: African Americans in Monmouth County, New Jersey, 1665–1865
(Madison, WI: Madison House, 1997), 1–32; Charles R. Foy, “Ports of Slavery, Ports of Freedom: How Slaves Used Northern Seaports' Maritime Industry to Escape and Create Transatlantic Identities, 1713–1783,” Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 2008, 215n;
The Charter of Queen's College, in New-Jersey
(New Brunswick, NJ: Abraham Blauvelt, 1810); John Howard Raven, comp.,
Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Rutgers College (Originally Queen's College) in New Brunswick, N.J., 1766–1909
(Trenton, NJ: State Gazette Publishing, 1909), 5–25, 66; Maria Farmar, last will and testament, 18 March 1788, “Abstracts of Wills on File in the Surrogates Office, City of New York, Volume XIV, June 12, 1786–February 13, 1796. With Letters of Administration, January 5, 1786–December 31, 1795,”
Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1905
(New York: Printed for the Society, 1906), 136–38; Charles Farmar Billopp, comp.,
A History of Thomas and Anne Billopp Farmar and Some of Their Descendants in America
(New York: Grafton, 1907), 33–50; John P. Wall,
The Chronicles of New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1667–1931
(New Brunswick, NJ: Thatcher-Anderson, 1931), 58–59; Lydon, “New York and the Slave Trade,” 389.