Dresden (62 page)

bombsights, 57

Bonham-Carter, Violet, 364

Bonn, 221

Böttger, Johann Friedrich, 21–23

Bottomley, Norman, 183, 185–86, 191, 211, 377, 378, 389, 444

Bramsch & Co. distillery, 136, 253, 326–27, 330

Bratislava, 48–49

Braunschweig bombing (1944), 244

Bremen bombing (1941), 214, 297

Breslau, 13, 43, 62, 183–85, 226, 382–83

Broder, Major, 390–91

Brooke, Alan, 378

Brücke (Bridge) group, 41

Brückner, Kanis & Co., 153

Brühl, Heinrich, Count von, 27, 28–29, 30

Brühlsche Terrasse, 30, 63, 64, 69, 138, 260, 304–5, 398, 426–27

Brüx synthetic oil plant, 203, 204–5, 326

Buchenwald concentration camp, 73, 74, 452

Building Research Department, British, 115

Bulge, Battle of the, 163, 171–72, 177, 179, 199, 200, 275, 320, 375, 403, 455

Bürgerbräuhaus coup attempt (1923), 70

Bürgerwiese, 60

Busch, Fritz, 47

Butt, D. M., 116–17

Bydgoszcz massacre (1939), 77–78

 

Cairo Conference (1921), 83

Camel Corps, British, 83

cameras, 33, 41, 56–57, 153, 358–59, 393–94, 449–50, 452, 453

Carolabrücke bridge, 248, 260

Carolaplatz, 308–12

Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor William

(“Bill”), 179

centimetric radar, 123

Charlemagne, 409

Chemnitz, 70, 183, 185–86, 192, 205, 208, 218, 241, 242, 317, 318, 374

Chemnitz bombing (1945), 336–39, 360, 368, 402, 478
n

Cherbourg, 169

Cheshire, Leonard, 214

Chiang Kai-shek, 91

Chiefs of Staff Committee, 179, 185, 187, 191, 377–79

China, 91

Christianity, 1, 14, 15, 67

“Christmas trees,” 5, 243, 251, 277, 279, 281, 452

Churchill, Winston S.:

air warfare as viewed by, 82, 83, 84, 117, 118, 128, 183–86, 375–79, 387, 408, 467
n

confidential memorandum of, 375–79, 408

Dresden firebombing and, 14, 99, 211, 364, 376, 407, 408

electoral defeat of (1945), 388

Harris's relationship with, 122, 174–75, 377–78, 387, 388–89

as prime minister, 99, 122, 388

RAF as viewed by, 83, 117, 118, 185, 375–79, 408

at Yalta Conference, 185, 186, 189, 208–9, 211, 212

Church of the Three Kings, 29

cigarette manufacturing, 33, 36, 41, 57, 150

cigarette workers strike (1903), 36

Circus Sarrasani, 3, 135, 308–12

City Disinfecting Institution, 153–54

Civil War, U. S., 112

Clemens, Hans Max, 68, 198

“cock-ups,” 373, 416

codebreaking, 102, 174, 466
n

codes, company, 148, 149–50

cold war, xii, 391–94, 455

Cologne bombing (1942), 128–30, 226

Command of the Air, The
(Douhet), 85–87

communism, xii, 42, 43–44, 45, 47, 52, 160, 189–90, 206, 341–42, 352–53, 384, 385–86, 390–400, 416–17, 421–22, 423, 424–25, 431, 448, 451–56

concentration camps, 50, 52, 73, 74, 150, 151, 153–54, 155, 156–57, 161, 162–63, 233, 306, 307, 351, 354, 420, 424, 446, 452

Condor Legion, 88–91

Conert, Herbert, 396

Construction Office of Air Raid Protection, 138

“cookies,” 256

“corpse mining,” 348–49

Council of Workers and Soldiers, 39, 40

Coventry bombing (1940), 95, 102–6, 107, 110, 113, 114, 115, 123, 125, 126, 132, 188, 265, 354, 404, 421

Cowan, Howard, 361–63, 377

Coward, Noël, 94

Cüppers, Steffen, 204, 469
n

Czechoslovakia, 52, 59, 100, 160, 342, 391–92

 

Dachau concentration camp, 163

Dahlener Heide, 69

Daily Sketch,
360

“dam buster” raids, 176, 214

Darmstadt bombing (1944), 175, 215, 270, 284, 448

“Death of Dresden, a Beacon of Resistance,” 371–72

Defense Medal, British, 388

defensive areas, 225–26, 347, 350, 352, 357, 371, 380, 382, 411–12

De Havilland Mosquito bomber/fighter, 5–6, 140, 175, 208, 212, 214, 215, 218, 221, 224, 241–46, 250, 330, 337, 374, 380

democracy, 43, 45–46

Dessau, 201

Destruction of Dresden, The
(Irving), 431–36, 443–44

Deutsche Hiroshima, Das
(McKee), 446

Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionswerke, 150

Deutsche Werkstätte, 152

de Wesselow, Peter, 276–77, 278, 282, 284, 407, 474
n

dicker Hund,
242

Dietrich, Sepp, 171

Dippoldiswalde, 314

Dix, Otto, 41, 47, 53

Dobritz, 396

dogfights, 320, 438–39, 441, 476
n

Dortmund, 137, 374

Douhet, Giulio, 85–87, 133, 178

Dowding, Hugh, 98

Drahtfunk,
243–44

Dresden:

air defenses of, 4–5, 6, 194, 195, 199, 200–201, 203–5, 225–26, 244

air raid shelters for, 4–5, 134, 135, 136–39, 146–47, 165–66, 193–94, 195, 196, 226, 234, 236, 238–39, 276, 277

Anglo-American presence in, 11, 12, 34–35, 58, 65, 146–47, 162, 163, 364–65, 369

anti-British sentiment in, 11–12, 335, 390–91, 412

architecture of, 3, 14, 17, 20–21, 23–25, 30, 31, 41, 59–61, 269–70, 294, 367–68, 383–84, 396–99, 409–10

Austrian occupation of, 27–28

avant-garde in, 41, 53–54

Catholic rule in, 16–17, 19, 20, 24

children in, 4, 137–40, 143–47, 199–200, 237–40

Christmas celebrations in (1944), 199–200

civilian complacency in, 3, 13–14

civil unrest in, 36–39

in cold war, xii, 391–94, 455

communist rule in, xii, 352–53, 384, 385–86, 390–400, 421–22, 423, 424–25, 448, 451–56

contemporary conditions in, 419–27

as cultural center, xii, xiii, 3, 13–14, 17, 20–21, 28–35, 41, 53–54, 58, 71, 134, 147, 148, 216, 225, 312, 364–65, 367–69, 371, 395, 399–400, 409–10, 422–24, 426

Czarist occupation of, 30

Czech influence in, 15–17, 37, 65–66

Durchbrüche
(breakthrough) system of, 290–94, 300, 353

economy of, 21–23, 28, 33–35, 40–43, 46, 56–57, 67, 148–49

elections in (1919), 40

elections in (1932), 43

elections in (1933), 45

ethnic conflict in, 15–17, 37

evacuations from, 143–47

fire in (1694), 23

as “Florence on the Elbe,” 13, 20, 30–35, 100, 226, 315, 364–65, 399, 426

garrison of, 16, 17, 58–59, 138, 217, 357, 371

Gauleiter for, 4, 43, 46–54, 60–61, 138–39, 141, 142, 144, 145, 165, 196–99, 335, 383, 391, 409–10, 424

geography of, 1–2, 14, 57–58, 66, 395

German influence in, 14–17, 32–33, 34, 36–37, 59–61

Gestapo of, 49–50, 51, 52–53, 67–68, 72, 74, 154, 155, 233, 253, 263, 303

history of, 1–2, 14–75

Hitler's visit to (1934), 55–56

hospitals of, 217, 245

housing conditions in, 34–35, 36, 227–28, 385, 396–97, 423

informer network in, 52–53

Jewish population of, 6–8, 31, 37, 47, 51, 52, 53, 62–75, 153–60, 161, 162–63, 196, 197–200, 260, 262–63, 302–8, 336, 349, 449, 460
n

labor disputes in, 36, 40–41

as manufacturing center, xiii, 21–23, 33–34, 41–42, 46, 56–57, 136–37, 148–53, 156, 161, 195, 196, 205, 216, 217, 218, 337, 357–59, 368–69, 374, 397, 414–15

map of, xviii–xix

martial law in (1919), 40

medieval period of, 30, 31, 34, 62, 68, 72

middle class of, 33–34, 37, 40, 42, 45–46, 57, 253, 398, 399, 421

as military target, xii, xiii, 13–14, 57–58, 148–49, 164–65, 183, 185–99, 201,
207, 210–19, 225–26, 316–19, 357, 360, 362–63, 379, 406–8, 423–26, 427, 454–56

military units based in, 49–52, 58–59, 99–100, 218

nationalism in, 37–39, 66–67

Nazi administration of, xii, 4, 41, 42, 43, 45–75, 138–39, 143–47, 153–60, 164–65, 196–97, 199, 227, 229, 261–64, 357, 381, 391, 397, 399, 423, 424

Nazi building program for, 59–61, 367–68, 399

as “pearl of National Socialism,” 55–61

police of, 43–44, 47, 48, 49–50, 52–53, 69, 165, 193, 199, 240, 268, 342, 347, 348, 356–57, 369, 370, 431–32, 445

political prisoners in, 49–54, 341–42

political situation in, 16, 18–19, 28–33, 36–41, 45, 46, 56, 57, 385–86, 424–25

population of, xii, 33, 34, 43, 65, 193, 337, 370, 448

porcelain manufacturing in, 21–23, 69, 275, 415–16

as possible target for atomic bomb, 454–56

post-firebombing raid on (1945), 380–81

postwar conditions in, 385–86

poverty in, 34, 42

POWs in, 146–47, 162, 235–36, 238, 263, 294, 305, 308, 314, 347, 348–49, 355, 367

precision engineering firms in, 33–34, 148–53, 156, 374, 414–15

pre-firebombing raids on, 5, 146–47, 194–203

Protestant population of, 16–17, 19, 20, 24–25

Prussian siege of (1760), 25–29, 77, 112, 339, 396

public morale in, 199, 226, 361, 401, 405, 412–13

rationing in, 159, 199–200, 231, 234, 237–38, 335, 336, 354

refugees in, 134, 137–40, 147, 227–32, 277, 308–9, 319, 352

as
Reichsluftschutzkeller,
138

religious conflict in, 16–17

as
Residenzstadt,
17, 20

revolution in (1918), 38–39

SA units in, 43–44, 47–51, 55–56, 67, 71, 72, 78

as Saxon capital, 1–2, 11, 14–46, 54, 216, 228

schools of, 63, 143–47, 199, 230, 237, 285–86

size of, 3, 59–61, 65, 406

slave labor facilities in, 150–59, 162, 305–8, 358

soccer stadium of, 5–6

socialist influence in, 36–37, 40

Soviet drive towards, 3, 12–13, 225–28, 229, 381, 382–84

Soviet occupation of, 381, 382–86, 391–92, 394, 452–56

Soviet rape and pillage in, 384–85, 386

SS units in, 4, 48, 49–52, 56, 68, 71, 138, 152, 163, 165, 307–8, 348, 351, 369, 370, 384

storm troopers in, 43–44, 47–51

suburbs of, 33, 159, 217, 231, 235–36, 396–97

surrender of, 384–85

synagogue of, 31, 63–65, 70–75, 253, 460
n

tourism in, 20, 32–35, 40–41, 56, 197, 423, 452

as transportation center, 56, 160–65, 191, 254–55, 355–56, 368–69, 380–81, 437, 441, 479
n

unemployment in, 42, 56

war-related industries of, xiii, 57–59, 136, 148–57, 161, 164, 195, 196, 199, 205, 217, 218, 308, 325–26, 357–59, 368–69, 371, 374, 378, 380–81, 413–16, 423–24, 425, 450

wartime conditions in, 135–47

Wehrmacht forces in, 99–100, 165, 215–16, 347, 350, 352, 357, 371, 382–83

working class of, 36, 37, 397

zoned development of, 34, 59–61

“Dresden, Victim of Air War,” 369

Dresden Academy of Arts, 41, 53, 63–64, 261, 398

Dresden Air Raid Police, 242–43

Dresden Chamber for Industry and Trade, 161

Dresden City Archive, 447

Dresden City Museum, 53, 148, 391, 448

Dresden firebombing (1945), 207–332

accuracy in, 245–50, 255–57, 282–83

advance guard of, 5–6, 214–15

aftermath of, 333–43

aircrews for, 2–3, 5, 7, 209–10, 213–16, 223, 247–48, 250, 274–75, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 319, 330, 407

air defenses against, 5–6, 221–24, 241, 244, 247, 249, 256, 275, 277, 280–81, 475
n

air mines used in, 256, 257, 274, 278–79, 298, 341

air raid shelters used in, 4–5, 242–44, 251–55, 257–59, 261, 265, 271, 272, 284, 286, 289–94, 302, 303–10, 323–24, 326–27, 333–34, 353, 374, 380, 405, 410, 441, 473
n

approach for, xx–xxi, 3–6, 241–44

artistic treasures destroyed in, 312, 339–43, 405, 409–10

assessments of, 282–83, 316, 325, 326, 330, 351–52, 356–57, 369–70, 391, 406–7, 444–46

author's research on, xiii–xiv

bomber fleets in, 2–8, 211–12, 215, 220–21, 241–44, 274–75, 317, 331–32

bomber losses in, 243, 475
n

bombing runs in, xx, xxi, 3–8, 242, 246–50, 275, 278–79, 280, 427

bomb-sighting in, 5–6, 242, 244, 253, 255–58, 277, 281–83, 284, 325–26, 396