Dreamers of a New Day (47 page)

13
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 435.

14
  Gillian Scott,
Feminism and the Politics of Working Women: The Women’s Co-operative Guild 1880s to the Second World War
, UCL Press, London, 1998, pp. 111–16.

15
  Ibid., p. 118.

16
  Ibid., pp. 118–20; Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, pp. 104–7.

17
  Pivar,
Purity Crusade
, pp. 204, 228–31; Molly Ladd-Taylor,
Mother-Work, Women, Child Welfare and the State,
1890–1930, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1994, pp. 46–57.

18
  Chicago Afro-American Mothers’ Council, 1900, quoted in Anne Meis Knupfer,
Toward a Tenderer Humanity and a Nobler Womanhood: African American Women’s Clubs in Turn-of-the-Century Chicago
, New York University Press, New York, 1996, p. 69.

19
  Barbara Sicherman,
Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters
, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1984, p. 316; Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 56–65, Ladd-Taylor,
Mother-Work
, pp. 75–81.

20
  See Gordon, ‘Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945’ and Shaw, ‘Black Club Women and the Creation of the National Association of Colored Women’, in eds Hine, King and Reed,
‘We Specialize in the Wholly Impossible’
, pp. 433–85.

21
  Clotee Scott quoted in Knupfer,
Toward a Tenderer Humanity
, p. 99.

22
  Ladd-Taylor,
Mother-Work
, pp. 81–91, 167–90.

23
  Linklater,
An Unhusbanded Life
, p. 99.

24
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 462; on Margaret McMillan, see Steedman,
Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain
.

25
  Mary Chignell, quoted in Steedman,
Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain
, p. 60.

26
  On Eleanor Rathbone, see Alberti,
Eleanor Rathbone
.

27
  Scott,
Feminism and the Politics of Working Women
, pp. 119–20.

28
  Eleanor Rathbone, Letter,
The Times
, 26 August 1918, p. 6.

29
  Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, p. 110.

30
  Russell,
Hypatia
, p. 67.

31
  Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, p. 111.

32
  Report on Family Allowances by a Special Joint Committee, TUC and Labour Party, London, 1930, quoted in ed. Suzie Fleming,
Eleanor Rathbone, The Disinherited Family
, Falling Wall Press, Bristol, 1986, p. 73.

33
  Joanne L. Goodwin,
Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform: Mothers’ Pensions in Chicago,
1911–1929, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997, pp. 4–6, 101–15.

34
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 250–51.

35
  Clara Cahill quoted in Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 252–3.

36
  Ladd-Taylor,
Mother-Work
, pp. 116–17, Rosen,
Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights
, pp. 46–8.

37
  White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children, quoted in Gwendolyn Mink, ‘The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race and the Origins of the American Welfare State’, in ed. Linda Gordon,
Women, the State and Welfare
, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1990, p. 109.

38
  Mink, ‘The Lady and the Tramp’, p. 110.

39
  Linda Gordon,
Pitied but not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare,
1890–1935, The Free Press, New York, 1994, pp. 47–51.

40
  Ibid., pp. 287–300.

41
  Rathbone, Letter,
The Times
, 26 August 1918, p. 6.

42
  Dorothy Jewson,
Socialists and the Family: A Plea for Family Endowment
(pamphlet), ILP Publication, London, no date, p. 5.

43
  Dorothy Evans quoted in Graves,
Labour Women
, p. 104.

44
  Eastman, ‘Now We Can Begin’, in Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 54.

45
  Ada Nield Chew, ‘Mother Interest and Child-Training’,
Freewoman
, 22 August 1912, in ed. Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, pp. 250–51.

46
  Benita Locke, ‘The Latest Capitalist Trap’,
Woman Rebel
, Vol. 1, No. 1, March 1914, p. 4.

47
  Stella Browne, ‘The Disinherited Family’,
New Generation
, February 1925, p. 22.

48
  Carrica Le Favre,
Mother’s Help and Child’s Friend
, Brentano’s, New York, 1890, p. 139.

49
  Alice B. Stockham,
Tokology
, L. N. Fowler, London, 1918, pp. 130–31.

50
  Ibid., p. 333.

51
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, ‘Moving the Mountain’, 1911, in ed. Carol Farley Kessler,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Her Progress Toward Utopia with Selected Writings
, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1995, p. 161.

52
  Graul,
Hilda’s Home
, in ed. Kessler,
Daring to Dream
, p. 197.

53
  Gilman,
Moving the Mountain
, p. 161.

54
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
Herland
, Pantheon, New York, 1979, p. 69.

55
  Mabel Harding, ‘Social Motherhood’,
Daily Herald
, 19 April 1912.

56
  Lillie D. White, quoted in Sears,
The Sex Radicals
, p. 245.

57
  Georgia Kotsch, ‘The Mother’s Future’,
International Socialist Review
, Vol. X, No. 12, June 1910, p. 1100.

58
  De Cleyre, ‘They Who Marry Do Ill’, 1908, in ed. Glassgold,
Anarchy!
, p. 109.

59
  ‘A Freewoman’s Attitude to Marriage’,
Freewoman
, Vol. I, No. 8, 11 January 1912, p. 153.

60
  Beatrice Hastings,
New Age
, Vol. XII, No. 10, 9 January 1913, p. 237.

61
  DuBois,
Harriot Stanton Blatch
, p. 216.

62
  Ada Nield Chew, ‘Mother Interest and Child-Training’, in ed. Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, p. 248.

63
  Henrietta Rodman quoted in Ladd-Taylor,
Mother-Work
, p. 114.

64
  Ibid.

65
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Marriage under Two Roofs’, 1923, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, pp. 76–83.

66
  Women’s Legislative Congress, 1918, quoted in Goodwin,
Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform
, p. 143.

67
  Leonora Eyles, ‘Sleep’,
Lansbury’s Labour Weekly
, 14 April 1925, p. 14.

68
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
The Home: Its Work and Influence
(1903), University of Illinois, Urbana, 1972, p. 97.

69
  Charlotte Perkins Gilman,
Women and Economics
(1898), Harper and Row, New York, 1966, p. 335.

70
  Kotsch, ‘The Mother’s Future’, p. 1100.

71
  Ibid.

72
  Ada Nield Chew, ‘Mother-Interest and Child-Training’, in ed. Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, p. 253.

73
  A. D. Sanderson Furniss and Marion Phillips,
The Working Woman’s House
, Swarthmore Press, London, 1919, pp. 58–9.

74
  Agnes Henry, in Augustin Hamon,
Psychologie de l’Anarchiste-Socialiste
, Stock, Paris, 1895, pp. 224–59.

75
  Gilman,
Moving the Mountain
, p. 173.

76
  Steedman,
Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain
, p. 96.

77
  Russell,
The Tamarisk Tree
, p. 199.

78
  Gilman,
The Home
, p. 258.

79
  Gilman,
Moving the Mountain
, p. 173.

80
  Lizzie Holmes, 1892, quoted in Margaret S. Marsh,
Anarchist Women,
1870–1920, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1981, p. 119.

81
  De Cleyre, ‘Modern Educational Reform’, quoted in Paul Alrich,
An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre
, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1978, p. 218.

82
  Emma Goldman, ‘The Child and Its Enemies’, 1909, quoted in Marsh,
Anarchist Women
, p. 119.

83
  Annie Davison, in eds McCrindle and Rowbotham,
Dutiful Daughters
, p. 62.

84
  Paul Buhle,
The Origins of Left Culture in the US,
1880–1940:
An Anthology
, Cultural Correspondence, Boston, 1978, p. 45.

85
  Russell,
The Right to Be Happy
, pp. 185–6.

86
  Ibid., p. 185.

87
  Ibid., p. 149.

6 New Housework: New Homes

1
  Gilman,
The Home
, p. 93.

2
  Ellen Swallow Richards quoted in Jane Davison and Lesley Davison,
To Make a House for Me: Four Generations of American Women and the Houses They Lived In
, Random House, New York, 1980, p. 102. On Ellen Swallow Richards, see George F. Kunz, ‘Tribute to Mrs Ellen Swallow Richards’, Association of College Alumnae, no date, The Papers of Ellen Swallow Richards, Box 1, File 2, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, Massachessets.

3
  On Helen Campbell, see Hayden,
The Grand Domestic Revolution
, pp. 185–6; Kessler,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, pp. 27–8; Hill,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, pp. 238–58.

4
  Sarah Leavitt,
From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart: A Cultural History of Domestic Advice
, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2002, pp. 59–61.

5
  Helen Campbell quoted in Leavitt,
From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart
, p. 51.

6
  Hill,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
, p. 242.

7
  Leavitt,
From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart
, pp. 51–2.

8
  The New York Ladies’ Health Protective Association, 1894, quoted in Nancy S. Dye, Introduction, in eds Nora Lee Frankel and Nancy S. Dye,
Gender, Class, Race and Reform in the Progressive Era
, The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, 1991, p. 3.

9
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, pp. 306–7.

10
  Ibid., pp. 212–13, 217–18.

11
  Rheta Child Dorr, 1910, quoted in Paula Baker, ‘The Domestication of Politics’, in ed. Gordon,
Women, the State and Welfare
, p. 63.

12
  Mabel Kittredge, quoted in Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, p. 11.

13
  Martha Bensley Bruère and Robert W. Bruère,
Increasing Home Efficiency
, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1913, p. 169.

14
  Vicinus,
Independent Women
, p. 239.

15
  Carol Dyhouse,
Feminism and the Family in England,
1880–1939, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1989, p. 132.

16
  ‘Scotia’, ‘Our Woman’s Corner’,
Accrington Labour Journal
, No. 26, July 1914.

17
  Mrs Bury quoted in Thomson, ‘“Domestic Drudgery will be a Thing of the Past”’, in Yeo,
New Views of Co-operation
, pp. 110–11.

18
  ‘Scotia’, ‘Our Woman’s Corner’.

19
  Thane, ‘Vision of Gender’, in eds Bock and Thane,
Maternity and Gender Politics
, p. 96.

20
  Mitchell,
The Hard Way Up
, p. 99.

21
  Ada Nield Chew, ‘Men, Women and the Vote’,
Accrington Observer
, 9 September 1913, in ed. Chew,
Ada Nield Chew
, p. 220.

22
  Mary Macarthur, ‘Editorial’,
The Woman Worker
, 5 June 1908, p. 1.