Dreamers of a New Day (46 page)

87
  Weiss,
Paris Was a Woman
, pp. 65–6.

88
  Doan,
Fashioning Sapphism
, pp. 185–94.

89
  Vera Brittain, quoted in Marion Shaw,
The Clear Stream: A Life of Winifred Holtby
, Virago, London, 1999, p. 211.

90
  Brittain,
Halcyon
, p. 23.

91
  Ibid.

92
  Russell,
The Right to Be Happy
, p. 148.

93
  Gilman, ‘Toward Monogamy’, in ed. Kirchwey,
Our Changing Morality
, pp. 57–9.

94
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Alice Paul’s Convention’, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, pp. 62–3.

95
  La Follette,
Concerning Women
, p. 98.

96
  Ibid., pp. 99–100.

97
  Parsons, ‘Changes in Sex Relations’, in ed. Kirchwey,
Our Changing Morality
, p. 46.

98
  Ibid., p. 47.

4 What Every Girl Should Know

1
  Graul,
Hilda’s Home
, in ed. Kessler,
Daring to Dream
, pp. 203–4.

2
  Lois Waisbrooker, ‘Woman’s Power’,
Lucifer
, Vol. I, No. 16, 21 April 1897, p. 125.

3
  Slenker, ‘Dianaism’,
Lucifer
, Vol. I, No. 15, 14 April 1897, p. 117.

4
  Blatt,
Free Love and Anarchism
, p. 164.

5
  Linnett, ‘Continence and Contraception’,
Lucifer
, Vol. I, No. 18, 5 May 1897, p. 39.

6
  DuBois,
Harriot Stanton Blatch
, pp. 66–7. On voluntary motherhood see Linda Gordon,
Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America
, Viking Press, New York, 1976, pp. 95–115.

7
  Annie Besant, ‘Preface’,
The Law of Population: Its Consequences and Bearing upon Human Conduct and Morals
(1891), Augustus M. Kelley, New York, 1970, p. 4.

8
  Clapperton,
Scientific Meliorism
, p. 95.

9
  Malthusian League, ‘To Working Men and Women: Do Not Have a Large Number of Children’, Malthusian League, no date, copy of leaflet in author’s possession.

10
  Moses Harman, ‘The Social Side of Anarchism’,
Lucifer
, Vol. V, No. 39, 12 October 1901, p. 7.

11
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, p. 68.

12
  Jeffrey Weeks,
Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since
1800, Longman, London, 1981, pp. 128–40.

13
  Mark H. Haller,
Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought
, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 1984, pp. 84, 178; Ewen and Ewen 7,
Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality
, Seven Stores Press, New York, 2006, pp. 281–312.

14
  Gilman, ‘Humanness’ (1913), quoted in Lane,
To Herland and Beyond
, p. 283.

15
  Blatch, quoted in DuBois,
Harriot Stanton Blatch
, p. 67.

16
  Anna Davin,
Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London
1870–1914, Rivers Oram Press, London, 1996, p. 213.

17
  Beard,
Woman’s Work in Municipalities
, p. 69.

18
  Sears,
The Sex Radicals
, p. 244.

19
  Hamilton,
Exploring the Dangerous Trades
, p. 111.

20
  McLaren,
Birth Control in Nineteenth Century England
, p. 226.

21
  Hannah Mitchell,
The Hard Way Up
, Virago, London, 1977, pp. 88–9.

22
  Alice Drysdale Vickery,
A Women’s Malthusian League: A Women’s League for the Extinction of Poverty and Prostitution through the Rational Regulation of the Birth-Rate
, Pamphlet of The Malthusian League, London, no date, pp. 2–4.

23
  Dora Forster, ‘America Under Comstock’,
New Generation
, January 1927, p. 6.

24
  Antoinette Konikow, quoted in Mari Jo Buhle,
Women and American Socialism,
1870–1920, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1983, p. 270. On Konikow’s impact see pp. 270–71.

25
  Richard Drinnon,
Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman
, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1961, pp. 166–8.

26
  Gordon,
Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right
, p. 214.

27
  David M. Kennedy,
Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger
, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1970, p. 23. See also Gordon,
Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right
, pp. 209–36.

28
  Margaret Sanger, ‘Comstockery in America’,
International Socialist Review
, Vol. XVI, No. 1, July 1915, pp. 46, 48.

29
  Stella Browne, Letter,
Freewoman
, 1 August 1912, p. 217.

30
  Stella Browne to Margaret Sanger, 7 September 1915, Margaret Sanger Papers Project, New York University.

31
  Jane M. Jensen, ‘The Evolution of Margaret Sanger’s
Family Limitation
(pamphlet), 1914–1921’,
Signs
, Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring 1981, pp. 548–55.

32
  Margaret Sanger,
The New Motherhood
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1922, p. 225.

33
  Agnes Smedley to Margaret Sanger, June 1924, quoted in Mackinnon and Mackinnon,
Agnes Smedley
, pp. 98–9.

34
  Robyn L. Rosen,
Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights: Reformers and the Politics of Maternal Welfare,
1917–1940, Ohio State University Press, Columbus, 2003, pp. 93–5, 115, 120.

35
  Mary Ware Dennett quoted in Chen,
‘The Sex Side of Life’
, p. 172.

36
  Judge Burrows quoted in ibid., p. 290.

37
  Dora Russell,
The Tamarisk Tree: My Quest for Liberty and Love
, Elek/Pemberton, London, 1975, p. 169.

38
  Stella Browne, Letter,
New Leader
, 5 January 1923, p. 7; Dora Russell, Letter,
New Leader
, 26 January 1923, p. 13; Evelyn Sharp, Letter,
New Leader
, 9 March 1923, p. 15.

39
  Russell,
The Tamarisk Tree
, p. 172.

40
  Rowbotham,
A New World for Women
, pp. 54–9. See also Clare Debenham, ‘The Origins and Development of the Birth Control Movement in Manchester and Salford, 1917–1935’, MA Manchester Metropolitan University, 2006, pp. 107–15.

41
  Lesley A. Hall, ‘Feminist Reconfigurations of Heterosexuality in the 1920s’, in eds Lucy Bland and Laura Doan,
Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires
, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1998, p. 137; Hera Cook,
The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex, and Contraception
1800–1975, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, pp. 192–202.

42
  Marie Stopes,
A Letter to Working Mothers on How to Have Healthy Children and Avoid Weakening Pregnancies
(pamphlet), Mothers’ Clinic for Constructive Birth Control, London, 1926, p. 2.

43
  Ibid., p. 16.

44
  Marie Stopes quoted in Barbara Evans,
Freedom to Choose: The Life and Work of Dr. Helena Wright – Pioneer of Contraception
, Bodley Head, London, 1984, p. 144.

45
  Marie Stopes,
Radiant Motherhood: A Book for Those Who Are Creating the Future
, G. P. Putnam and Sons, London, 1920, p. 176.

46
  Margaret Sanger, ‘Birth Control and Racial Betterment’, 1919, in ed. Esther Katz,
The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger, Vol. I, The Woman Rebel,
1900–1928, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 2003, p. 252.

47
  Katz,
The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger
, p. 274.

48
  Margaret Sanger,
Woman and the New Race
, Brentano’s, New York, 1920, pp. 45–6.

49
  Stella Browne, ‘Working Woman Supports Birth Control’, in
New Generation
, November 1922, p. 3.

50
  Sheila Rowbotham Interview with Dora Russell, Mss Notes, 1974.

51
  ‘SW’, ‘Birth Control and You’,
Woman Worker
, No. 4, July 1926, p. 4.

52
  W. E. B. Du Bois, 1921, quoted in Jessie M. Rodrique, ‘The Black Community and the Birth Control Movement’, in eds Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons,
Passion and Power: Sexuality in History
, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1989, p. 142.

53
  Quoted in ibid., p. 145.

54
  Suzie Fleming and Gloden Dallas, ‘Interview with Jessie Stephen’ in ed. Marsha Rowe,
Spare Rib Reader
, Penguin, London, 1982, p. 560.

55
  Rowbotham,
A New World for Women
, pp. 23, 56–8.

56
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Britain’s Labor Women’, 1925, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 142.

57
  Mrs E. Williams, Letter,
Lansbury’s Labour Weekly
, 11 July 1925, p. 14.

58
  Hamilton,
Exploring the Dangerous Trades
, p. 112.

59
  Marie Stopes,
Mother England: A Contemporary History
, John Bale and Danielsson, London, 1929, p. 183.

60
  Russell,
The Tamarisk Tree
, p. 175.

61
  Stella Browne, ‘Birth Control in Taff Vale: A Socialist Synthesis’,
New Generation
, October 1923, p. 116.

62
  Stella Browne, Letter,
The Communist
, 19 August 1922, p. 8.

63
  Parsons, ‘Changes in Sex Relations’, in ed. Kirchwey,
Our Changing Morality
, p. 49.

64
  Russell,
The Right to Be Happy
, p. 152.

65
  Teresa Billington-Greig, ‘Commonsense on the Population Question’, 1915, quoted in Harrison,
Prudent Revolutionaries
, p. 63.

66
  Dora Marsden,
Freewoman
, 2 May 1912, quoted in Bland,
Banishing the Beast
, p. 272.

67
  Helen Winter,
Freewoman
, 7 March 1912, quoted in ibid., p. 234.

68
  Crystal Eastman, ‘Now We Can Begin’, 1920, in ed. Cook,
Crystal Eastman
, p. 52.

5 Motherhood

1
  Russell,
The Tamarisk Tree
, p. 171.

2
  Richard Evans,
The Feminist Movement in Germany,
1894–1933, Sage, London, 1976, p. 121; Karen Offen,
European Feminisms,
1700–1950, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2000, p. 267; Graves,
Labour Women
, p. 101.

3
  Pat Thane, ‘Visions of Gender in the making of the British Welfare State: The case of women in the British Labour Party and social policy, 1906– 1945’, in eds Gisela Bock and Pat Thane,
Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States
, Routledge, London, 1991, p. 102.

4
  Andro Linklater,
An Unhusbanded Life: Charlotte Despard, Suffragette, Socialist and Sinn Feiner
, Hutchinson, London, 1980, pp. 97–100.

5
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 437.

6
  Ibid., p. 439.

7
  Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, p. 102.

8
  Liddington,
The Life and Times of a Respectable Rebel
, p. 213.

9
  Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, p. 101.

10
  ‘The Mothers’ Arms’, Sylvia Pankhurst Papers, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam; see also Winslow, Sylvia Pankhurst, pp. 95–6.

11
  Thane, ‘Visions of Gender’, p. 102.

12
  Hollis,
Ladies Elect
, p. 438; see also Shena Simon, ‘Margaret Ashton and her work’,
The Woman Citizen
, (no volume number), No. 281, December 1937, p. 3, Margaret Ashton Papers, Manchester Reference Library.