Dog Sense (57 page)

punishment-based,
90
,
94
,
96–97
,
98
,
112–121

reward-based,
97
,
98
,
120

and welfare,
279–280

See also
Training

Training techniques, understanding of,
282

Tramlines,
235

Travois,
60
,
60 (fig.)

Trial-and-error learning,
106
,
185

Tug-toy,
204–205
,
205 (fig.)

Turnespete,
64

TV companies,
120

UK Kennel Club,
267–268

Village dog (aka feral dog),
36
,
42
,
43 (fig.)
,
47
,
70 (fig.)

and dominance,
83

social organization of,
71–72

welfare of,
284–285

See also
Pariah dog

Village wolf,
45
,
46–48

Vision,
226–227
,
228–231

binocular,
226
,
230

and field of view,
226
,
229–230

night,
228
,
229
,
231

See also
Color vision

Visual displacement,
186

Visual signals,
260–265

wolf-like,
260–261
,
261 (fig.)

See also
Signals

VNO.
See
Vomeronasal organ

Vocal punishment,
117

Vomeronasal organ (VNO),
241–242

Watson, John B.,
217

Weimaraners,
263

Welfare,
96
,
279–280
,
284–285

and breeding,
252–254
,
255–256
,
259–260

Whistles,
108
,
232

Wild boar,
45
,
46

Wire-haired fox terrier,
269

Wolf

in captivity,
83

and DNA,
32
,
33

domestication of,
27–28
,
43–44
,
46–48
,
50
,
57–58

and dominance,
83

fear in,
135–136

and imprinting,
135–136

local extermination of,
25
,
27

lone,
14–15

and odor, family,
135

parent-offspring behavior in,
17–18
,
19
,
27

persecution of,
52–53

and selective arrested development,
57–58

and sexual maturity,
58

sociability of,
51–52
,
52–53

social signals of,
19–22

socialization of,
135–136

and tameness,
55–56
,
65

See also
American timber wolf
;
Grey wolf
;
Wolf pack

Wolf pack,
16

and aggression,
17–18

alpha vs. family model,
22–23

in captivity,
18
,
22–23

and cooperative breeding,
16–17

family structure of,
80 (fig.)

as harmonious family groups,
18–19

hierarchy of,
79
,
80 (fig.)

and kin selection,
17

social organization of,
73–77

See also
Family group
;
Wolf

Wolf Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission,
275

Wolfdogs,
274–275

Wolf-pack approach,
96

Working breeds,
266–268
,
267 (fig.)

Xoloitzcuintli (aka Mexican hairless dog),
24

Zoomorphism,
149–150