Dog Sense (56 page)

Population, of dogs,
291

Positive punishment,
113
,
115

Positive reinforcement,
118–119

Positive reward, misuse of,
117

Postures,
154
,
158
,
246–247
,
264
,
262
,
263

deceptive,
159–161

See also
Body-language
;
Facial expressions

Predatory behavior,
168
,
265–268

Pride,
215
,
216
,
217

Prior, Karen,
95

Problem solving,
183–185

Progressive retinal atrophy,
258

Prong collar,
113

Proto-dogs,
36
,
41–42
,
135–136
,
203

and burials,
38
,
39–40

Psychopaths,
167–168

Punisher, secondary,
118–119

Punishment,
95
,
112

and aggression,
178

and associative learning,
103–104

and dominance,
121
,
279

and gestures, pointing,
198

negative,
118–119

positive,
113
,
115

vocal,
117

vs. discipline,
281–282

widespread incidence of,
119–120

Punishment-based training,
90
,
94
,
96–97
,
98
,
112–121

ineffectiveness of,
117–119

misuse of,
115–117

severity of,
117

Puppies

and human contact,
122–131

and juvenile period,
138

and littermates,
137

and status,
137

Puppy party,
139

Puppy tests,
134–135

Puzzle-box experiments,
183–184
,
184 (fig.)
,
193
,
194

Rage syndrome,
258

Raised-leg marking posture,
246–247

Reasoning,
185

Red fox,
6
,
8
,
54–55

Reflection,
211

Registration system,
255

Rehoming,
145
,
173
,
223
,
283
,
290

Reinforcement,
106
,
115
,
118–119

Reinforcer, secondary,
108–110

Relationships,
208–209

Representational spaces,
130–131

Rescue dogs,
283

Resource holding potential (RHP) model,
85–87
,
90

Retrievers,
165
,
173
,
260
,
265

Reward-based training,
96
,
97
,
98
,
120

Rewards,
103
,
105
,
117–118

and attachment,
279

positive, misuse of,
117

and secondary reinforcer,
108–110

and shaping,
110–112

timing of,
107–108

withdrawal of,
118
,
119

Rhinarium,
238

RHP model.
See
Resource holding potential model

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
275

Sanctuary dog,
75–77

Scavenger theory,
46–48

Scent-marks,
235
,
246–251
.
See also
Smell, sense of

Scent-matching,
249

Scientific research, history of canine,
278

Secondary emotions,
213–214
,
213 (fig.)
,
224
.
See also
Emotions
;
individual emotions

Secondary punisher,
118–119

Secondary reinforcer,
108–110

Selective arrested development,
57–58
,
66

Selective breeding,
275–276

and aggression,
271–275
,
274 (table)

for appearance,
254
,
257
,
265
,
288

and communication,
260–265

and personality traits,
265–268
,
268–271
,
271–275
,
288–289

and sniffing,
264

and sociability,
260

for tameness,
53–56

for temperament,
254

and visual signals,
260–265

See also
Breeding
;
Deliberate selection
;
Inbreeding

Self-awareness,
155
,
182
,
211
,
212
,
213–214

Self-conscious evaluative emotions,
217–221

Self-consciousness,
215
,
224

Self-control,
222

Self-reflection,
212
,
215

Sense of smell.
See
Smell, sense of

Sensitive period, socialization during,
125
,
131
,
135
,
136
,
138
,
140–141

Sensitization,
101

Separation anxiety,
144–146
,
172
,
175

Separation disorders,
174–175
,
289

Separation distress,
172–176

Sexual attraction,
211

Sexual behavior,
73–74
,
106

Sexual maturity,
58

Sexual promiscuity,
58–59

Shakedown method,
97

Shame,
215

Shaping,
110–112

Sheepdogs,
127
,
127 (fig.)
,
266

Shetland sheepdogs,
261
,
269

Shock collar,
103
,
114

Short-term memory,
185–187

Siberian fox experiment,
53–56

Siblings,
137

Signals,
20
,
154
,
262–263

bared-teeth,
160
,
265

See also
Body-language
; Cues;
Facial expressions
;
Postures
;
Social signals
;
Visual signals

Silver fox,
53–56

Simien jackal,
6

Sires, popular,
256

Size variation,
2
,
56–57
,
253 (fig.)

Skill retention,
185

Skinner, B. F.,
217

Slip-collar,
113

Smell, sense of,
189–191
,
202
,
225
,
227–228
,
232–234
,
249–251
,
278

and fetus,
242–243

and sniffing,
243–246

and tracking,
238–239

uses for,
233–234
,
249–250

See also
Odors
;
Scent-marks

Smith, Charles Hamilton,
9

Sniffing,
243–246
,
250
,
264

Sociability,
5–14
,
51–52
,
52–53
,
68
,
260

and domestication,
52
,
66

of farm fox,
54–55

Social brain,
130–131

Social hierarchy.
See
Hierarchy

Social organization,
71–72
,
73–77

Social preference,
128

Social relationships,
77–83

Social signals, wolf,
19–22
.
See also
Signals

Socialization,
286

and behavioral problems,
139–141

dog-to-adult human,
122–131

dog-to-children,
129–130

dog-to-dog,
131–134

and domestication,
135–136

multiple,
126–127
,
128–129

and puppy tests,
134–135

and sensitive period,
125
,
131
,
135
,
136
,
138
,
140–141

of wolf,
135–136

South American fox,
6

Spaces, representational,
130–131

Spatial ability,
189

Species identity,
127
,
129

Sperling, John,
287

Squat-raise marking posture,
246–247
,
247 (fig.)

Staffordshire terrier,
272

Status,
86
,
91
,
92
,
137
,
177

and anger,
166–167

and behavior management,
89–90

Status reduction techniques,
90

Stilwell, Victoria,
95
,
120

Stimulus enhancement,
194

Strangers,
140
,
141
,
208

Stress,
141–143

Submissive displays,
19–22

Survival mechanism,
153
,
166

Tail(s)

chasing,
179

immobile,
263–264

lowering,
262

signals,
262–264

wagging,
169

Tameness,
53–56
,
65

Teeth, and body-language,
160
,
263

Temperament,
254

Tennant, Colin,
95

Terriers,
256
,
261
,
266
,
268
,
269
,
272

Territorial aggression,
167

Territorial boundaries,
246–247
,
248–249

Thinking, of humans,
201–203
,
213–214

Thirst,
211

Thorndike, Edward,
183–184
,
193
,
278

Time, sense of,
212

Tools, dogs as,
281

Totemism,
149–150

Toys,
100
,
204–205

Tracking,
238–239

Training

clicker,
108–110

deliberate,
105

dominance theory of,
90–94
,
95
,
97–98

force-fetch,
115
,
116 (fig.)

role for,
175

and sociability,
68

See also
Training methods

Training Dogs; A Manual
(Most),
96–97

Training manuals,
68

Training method(s)

and aggression,
119–120

and behavioral problems,
96

differences in,
95
,
96–98

disagreements over,
279–282

guidelines for,
282

and intelligence,
280

lure-reward,
96