Did Muhammad Exist?: An Inquiry into Islam's Obscure Origins (44 page)

Persian Empire,
20
,
210

Persians,
xiv
,
20
,
34
,
207

Peshitta,
182

Peter, St.,
22
,
183

Pharaoh,
17
,
54
,
155

Pickthall, Muhammad Marmaduke,
143
,
151
,
154
,
161

pilgrimage,
30
,
72
,
86
,
94
,
101
–
6
,
206

Pipes, Daniel,
17

Pius XII, Pope,
5

Poem of El Cid, The
,
7

political theology,
207
–
9

poll tax
(jizya)
,
27
–
28
,
158
–
59

polygamy,
29
,
109
–
14
,
114
–
17

polytheism,
28
,
203

Pontifical Biblical Commission,
5

Popp, Volker,
9
,
14
,
45
,
47

Powers, David S.,
9
,
14
,
115

Presbyterians,
5

Procopius of Caesarea,
104

Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (Prolegomena to the History of Israel)
(Wellhausen),
4

Protestantism,
5

Providentissimus Deus
(Leo XIII),
5

Psalms,
152
,
172

Pseudo-Clementine Homilies,
179

Puin, Gerd-R.,
149
,
165

Qadiani Ahmadis,
18

Qasri, Khalid al-,
76

Qasr Kharana inscription,
60
–
61

Qastallani, al-,
67

Qatada ibn Diama,
196
,
197

Qur'an: absence of mention of,
30
,
31
,
34
,
41
,
42
,
63
,
195
–
97
,
205
; Allah and,
17
,
125
; alterations to,
128
–
30
; Arabian conquest and,
41
,
48
; Arabic character of,
xi
,
143
–
60
,
162
–
66
,
171
,
185
,
210
; authorship of,
125
–
27
; Battle of Siffin and,
189
–
92
; Battle of Yamama and,
xiii
; burning of variants of,
xiv
,
xv
,
193
,
201
; Christian tradition and,
3
,
13
–
14
,
149
,
166
–
67
,
170
–
81
,
183
–
85
,
195
; Christmas in,
183
–
85
; Christology of,
179
–
81
; collection of,
xiii
,
xiv
,
xv
,
126
,
134
–
38
,
185
,
187
–
201
,
206
; cross in,
25
; cultural vocabulary of,
157
–
60
; dating of,
192
–
93
; diacritical marks and,
xv
,
162
–
66
,
167
,
170
,
185
; distribution of,
xiv
,
xv
,
185
,
201
,
205
; Dome of the Rock inscription and,
xv
,
50
–
57
,
197
,
200
–
201
; evolution of,
128
; first mention of,
195
–
97
; Hadith and,
63
–
66
,
69
,
80
–
81
; Hafs tradition of,
194
–
95
; Islam and,
12
,
78
–
79
; Jesus and,
21
,
36
,
38
–
39
,
45
,
167
; Jewish tradition and,
3
; Jews in,
33
,
122
; Judaism and,
145
; lack of clarity in,
14
,
149
–
51
,
152
–
55
; Last Supper in,
170
–
75
; Muhammad, example of and,
67
; Muhammad, forgetfulness of and,
131
–
34
,
212
; Muhammad, historicity of and,
x
–
xi
; Muhammad and,
13
,
45
,
125
–
27
,
210
; non-Arabic sources of,
146
–
47
,
148
–
49
; nonce words in,
152
–
55
; occasions of revelation and,
64
–
66
; origins of,
161
–
62
,
187
,
195
; political theology of,
208
–
9
; revelations to Muhammad of,
xiii
,
3
,
18
,
125
,
127
,
128
–
30
,
131
–
34
,
157
; signs of alteration of,
138
–
42
; as source of information about Muhammad,
ix
–
x
,
17
–
19
; standardization of,
xiv
,
xv
,
85
,
126
,
188
,
193
,
201
,
206
; Syriac substratum and,
14
,
155
–
57
,
173
,
174
,
182
,
183
,
195
,
211
; text of the Camel of God in,
37
,
39
,
196
; text of the Cow in,
38
,
39
,
196
–
97
; text of the Table in,
37
; text of the Woman in,
39
,
196
; variants of,
xiv
,
xv
,
125
–
42
,
192
–
93
,
194
–
95
,
201
; Warsh tradition of,
194
; Zaynab, Muhammad's marriage to and,
114
.
See also
Hadith; Islam

Quraysh,
65
,
71
,
75
,
86
,
89
,
93
–
94
,
96
,
97
,
101
–
3
,
104
,
105
–
6
,
188
,
203
–
4

Qurtubi, al-,
154

Reform Judaism,
5

Renan, Ernest,
1
,
3
,
4
,
9
,
19

Resurrection,
5

Rhodes,
xiv

Robin Hood,
8
,
214

Romans,
23
,
207

Rosenthal, Franz,
154

Ruqayya (daughter of Muhammad),
xvi
,
xvii

Russell, Bertrand,
ix

Sabians,
152

Said ibn al-As,
188

Salman the Persian,
146
,
199

salvation,
152
,
209

Samir, Samir Khalil,
174

Saracens,
20
,
21
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
33
,
36
,
59
,
195
,
205

Satan,
54
,
89
–
90
,
113
,
120
,
148

Savians,
152

Schacht, Joseph,
9
,
11
–
12
,
82

Schoeler, Gregor,
94

Scott, Sir Walter,
7
–
8

Seal of the Prophets,
18
,
114
,
115
,
177
,
121

Sebeos, Armenian bishop,
xiv
,
31
–
32

September 11,
168

Shafii, ash-,
12
,
82
,
89
,
155

shahada
(Islamic confession of faith),
xv
,
19
,
51
,
52
,
58

Shakespeare, William,
7

Shiite Islam,
xvii
,
65
,
73
,
116
,
211

Sira,
19
,
98

Sirat Rasul Allah (Biography of the Messenger of Allah)
(Ibn Ishaq),
87

skepticism,
4
,
5

Solomon,
115
,
148
,
155

Song of Roland, The
,
7

Sophronius,
24
–
28

Spain,
xv
,
6

Sprenger, Aloys,
9
,
10
,
166

Strange Matters of Hadith (Gharib al-Hadith)
(Abu Ubaida),
172

Strauss, David Friedrich,
4

Sunni Islam,
xvii
,
116

Surat Al-Ahzab
,
188

Surat Al-Furqan
,
132
–
33

Suyuti, as-,
59

Syria,
ix
,
xiii
,
196
,
204

Syriac,
14
,
23
,
146
,
155
–
57
,
165
,
166
,
173
,
174
,
182
,
183
,
195
,
206

Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir at-,
27
–
28
,
87
,
91
,
152
,
153
,
154
,
191

Tafsir al-Jalalayn
,
109
,
161

Taiyaye
,
23
,
33
,
209

Targum of Esther,
148
–
49

tayyaye d-Mhmt
,
xiii
,
23

Temple Mount,
33
,
50

Theophanes the Confessor,
119
,
120

Thomas, Christian priest,
xiii
,
23
,
209

Tirmidhi, Abu Isa Muhammad At-,
78

Tisdall, W. St. Clair,
148

Torah,
4
,
54
,
158
,
196

Treaty of Hudaibiya,
75
,
93
–
94
,
103

Truth about Muhammad, The
(Spencer),
6
–
7

Umar,
73
,
74
,
76
,
129
; caliphate of,
xvii
,
69
; Jerusalem, conquest of and,
26
–
27
; Qur'an, collection of and,
134
,
135
,
187
; Qur'anic revelations and,
132
–
33