Death in a Promised Land (29 page)
Read Death in a Promised Land Online
Authors: Scott Ellsworth
Johnson, O. T., 69
Jones, Richard Lloyd, 48
“Junior” Ku Klux Klan, 22
Kirkpatrick, Major Byron, 53–54
“Knights of Liberty,” 30–33
Kopp, H. E., 90
Krieger, Charles, 125
Ku Klux Klan: rebirth of, 20
in Oklahoma, 99
in Tulsa, 20–22, 98, 102–103, 122
Latimer, J. C, 72
Leonard, O. W., incident involving (1919), 33–38
Loupe, E. A., 76–77
Lorton, Eugene, 29, 124
Lucas, E. L., 25, 32
Lynchings: U.S., 17–18
Moultrie, Georgia, 18
in Oklahoma, 19–20, 24, 128
in Tulsa, 38–44, 102–103, 126
McCabe, Edwin P., 19
Macedonia Baptist Church, 12
McCullough, Willard, 49–52, 53, 61, 101, 127
McGee’s Hardware Store, 54
McNulty Park, internment at, 59, 71
Martial law, conditions under, 74–78
Martin, L. J., 83, 90–91
Mayo brothers, 59
Miller, Dr. George H., 130
Moore, George, 40
Moran, John, 32
Mt. Zion Baptist Church, 57, 70, 129
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): on white militancy, 23
supporters in Tulsa, 24
initiates “Tulsa Relief and Defense Fund,” 82
financial contributions to relief work, 82, 92
formation of Tulsa chapter, 103–104
National Guard
—black views of, 77–78
—combined units: riot activities, 61–62, 74
care of wounded, 66
at internment centers, 71–72
other postriot actions, 74–78
—Oklahoma units: mobilized, 53–54
arrival in Tulsa, 61, withdrawal of, 76–78
—Tulsa units: armory incident, 50–51;
mobilized, 53–54
riot actions, 54, 59;
held in alert, 76
response to rumor of black counterattack, 78
Native Americans: in Tulsa area, 8, 12;
and slavery, 19
New York
Times,
66, 74
Nida, Homer, 38
Niles, Alva J., 83, 90
Oil Field Workers Union, 26–29.
See also
Industrial Workers of the World
Oil industry, in Tulsa and Oklahoma, 9–11
Oklahoma: growth of, 8–11
race relations in, 19, 20, 24–25
effort to make into all-black state, 19
Jim Crow laws in, 19
racial violence in, 19–20
lynchings in, 19–20, 24, 38–44, 128
effects of riot on, 107
Oklahoma City
Black Dispatch,
69
“Oklahoma Clubs,” 19
Oklahoma
Eagle,
106, 107
Oklahoma Hospital, 66, 67
Oklahoma Ironworks, 34–35
Oklahoma
Sun,
14, 70, 74
Page, Sarah, 46–48, 97, 100
Parrish, Mary E. Jones, 63, 76, 79, 82, 92, 103–105
Pew, J. Edgar, 25
Police, Tulsa: black officers, 14, 33–38
in IWW incident (1917), 25–28, 30–33
in Leonard incident (1919), 35–38
in Belton incident (1920), 38–43
initial handling of Rowland-Page incident, 47–48
response to courthouse mob, 49–54
riot actions, 53–57, 59–61, 63, 74
medical claims against, 67
aerial reconnaissance, 78
views of by grand jury, 96–97
and nature of local law enforcement, 99–100
and riot causation, 101–102
“Police Protection” cards, 72, 75
Powers, W. J., 25
Prostitution, in Tulsa, 16, 96, 99–100
Pullman Company, 78
Race relations: U.S., World War I era, 17–25
Oklahoma, 19–20
resurgence of militant white supremacist beliefs, 20–22
black self-defense ideologies, 23–25
Race riot, Tulsa (1921): Rowland-Page incident, 45–47
May 31, 1921, issue of the Tulsa
Tribune,
47–49
gathering of lynch mob, 49–51
outbreak of violence, 51–53
deputization of whites, 54
gun procurement by whites, 54–55
first fire, 55
invasion of black Tulsa, 55–57
burning and looting by whites, 57–58
atrocities, 59
internment of blacks, 60–61
National Guard activities, 61–63
use of airplanes, 63
final fighting, 63–66
casualty estimates, 66–69
property loss estimates, 69–70
causes of, 98–102
effects on city, 102–104
white oral tradition, 104–105, 106–107
black oral tradition, 105–106
effects on Oklahoma, 107
rioters, probable social origins, 104–105
Randolph, A. Philip, 23
Reader’s Digest,
107
Real Estate Exchange.
See
Tulsa Real Estate Exchange
Reconstruction Committee: appointed by Mayor Evans, 84
favors Union Station project, 85
rejects Chamber of Commerce report, 86
activities of, 88–89
sub-committees, 133
Red Cross: reopens Cinnabar Hospital, 66
care of riot victims, 66–67
estimates of riot casualties, 67, 69, 70
estimates of property losses, 70
estimates of exodus from Tulsa, 74
helps purchase tickets for refugees, 74
activities at fairgrounds, 75
receives donations of clothing and household articles, 79
is dominant group in relief efforts, 79
relief activities of, 79–82
black views of, 82
reports unsanitary conditions, 88
provides housing and housing assistance, 89–90, 92–94
local donations to, 91–93
terminates programs, 92
expenditures of, 92
overall role of, 94
Red Fork, Oklahoma, oil strike, 9
Reeves, Colonel, 86
Relief activities by whites, overall nature of, 79, 89, 91–94
Richards, John P., 59–60
Richardson, Charles, 28, 32
Robertson, James B. A., 43–44, 51, 53, 61, 82, 94
Rooney, Colonel L. J. F., 78
Rowland, Dick, 45–49, 53, 55, 61, 95, 97, 100–102, 127
Ryan, F. J., 29, 30
Sam, Chief Alfred, 24
Salvation Army, Tulsa Citadel, 69, 79
Sharp, Raymond, 40–42, 126
Smitherman, A. J., 44, 74, 97, 136
Smitherman, J. K., 50, 97, 102
Socialist Party: in Oklahoma, 20, 99
in Tulsa, 20, 29, 122
Spears, I. H., 87–88
State of Oklahoma
v.
Will Robinson, 97
Stratford, J. B., 50, 134
“Take Me Back to Tulsa,” 14–15
Taylor, Peg Leg, 105
Thomas, Jack, 71
Thompson, Garfield, 135
Thompson, Oscar, 135
Thompson, Dr. P. S., 48
Tulsa
Democrat,
33, 35
Tulsa
Guide,
14
Tulsa Hospital, 66
Tulsa Real Estate Exchange, 69–70, 84
Tulsa
Star:
established, 14
on lynchings, 24–25
coverage of Belton incident (1920), 39, 44
claim lodged for destruction of, 70
blamed by whites for riot, 74
on “social equality,” 134
Tulsa
Times,
35
Tulsa
Tribune:
coverage of Belton incident (1920), 39–43
May 31, 1921, issue of, 3, 47–49, 101–102, 127
riot casualties estimates, 66
on rebuilding black Tulsa, 91; 1971
article on riot, 106
Tulsa
Weekly Planet,
14
Tulsa
World:
coverage of IWW incident (1917), 25–33, 124
coverage of Leonard incident (1919), 35
coverage of Belton incident (1920), 39–44
estimate of riot property losses, 70
calls for rebuilding black Tulsa, 90
Tuttle, William, 7
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 23, 82
Van Leuven, Kathryn, 94
Vernon African Methodist Episcopal Church, 12
Veterans, World War I, black: U.S., 23;
in Tulsa, 24, 99
Vigilance Committee (1917), 32
Walton, John C, 103
Warner, Ross T., 69
Washington High School.
See
Booker T. Washington High School Webb, Stanley, 35
West James T., 71
White, Walter, 52, 67–69, 84, 85, 89, 90, 127
Whitlow, Henry, 69, 94, 108–109
Wilkinson, Captain, 28
William Redfearn
v.
City of Tulsa,
135
Williams building, 2, 108
Williams Dreamland Theatre.
See
Dreamland Theatre
Williams, John: early career in Tulsa, 1–3
riot experience, 3–6
Williams, Loula: early career in Tulsa, 1–3
riot experience, 3–6
files claim for losses, 70
Williams, Seymour, 54, 123
Williams, W. D. (“Bill”): birth of, 1
riot experience, 3–6
on May 31, 1921, issue of the Tulsa
Tribune,
3, 48
on riot fatalities, 69
message for young blacks on riot anniversary (1971), 105–106
on fallacy of Mt. Zion Baptist Church as an arsenal, 129
Willows, Maurice, 66–67
Wills, Bob, and his Texas Playboys, 15
Wilson, Woodrow, administration, 18
Wisconsin Weekly Blade,
23
Women of the Ku Klux Klan, 22
Woolley, Sheriff, 40–43, 126
Younkman, C. S., 88
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 2 Race Relations and Local Violence
CHAPTER 4 Law, Order, and the Politics of Relief
CHAPTER 5 The Segregation of Memory
EPILOGUE Notes on the Subsequent History of “Deep Greenwood”