Congo (125 page)

    and Congo’s natural riches, 455–57, 467, 525

    ethnic violence in, 411–16

    and First Congo War, 417-31, 437, 439; map,
427

    genocide in, 413–16, 426, 437, 442, 521

    independence of, 413

    and Nkunda, 516

    protest against interference from, 438–39

    and Second Congo War, 442–47, 450–51, 467, 471–74

    Tutsis from, 350–51, 440

Rwandan Patriotic Front/Army (RPF), 413–16, 418, 443

Rwanguba, 518–19

Ryckmans, André, 158–59, 295–96

Ryckmans, Pierre, 158–59, 182, 202, 222

Saio, conquest of, 181, 183–85

Sakombi Inongo, Dominique, 350, 351–54, 357, 406–7

Salazar de Oliveira, Antonio, 258

Saleh, Salim, 455

Salum ben Mohammed, 42

Sape, la (Société des Ambianceurs et Personnes d’Elégance), 388, 491

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 206

Savimbi, Jonas, 371

Scheutists, 75, 215, 224, 229, 230, 241, 261

Schöller, André, 251

Schramme, Jean “Black Jack,” 326, 341

Schweinfurth, Georg, 40

Scibe Zaïre, 357

Second Congo War (1997–2002), 439–62

    atrocities in, 447, 454, 459–62, 472, 473, 517

    first phase, 442, 443–49

    as incomprehensible and obscure, 440, 442

    and Kabila’s death, 467

    Lusaka Peace Agreement, 442, 449

    maps,
441

    opportunism in, 447, 453

    Pretoria peace agreement, 442, 467–71

    second phase, 442, 449–62

    Sun City peace agreement, 495

    third phase, 442, 471–74, 517

    and transitional period (1 + 4), 467–68, 473, 474

Second Republic of Congo, 400, 407

    emergence of, 282

    end of, 394, 395, 502

    shift to Third Republic, 397

    as Zaïre, 331–33;
see also
Zaïre

Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 245

Sendwe, Jason, 252, 254

Senegal, 309, 467

Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 244, 309

Sengier, Edgar, 190

Shaba (former Katanga), 332, 366–68

Shaba I and II wars, 371–72, 373, 382, 425, 429

Shaggy (superstar), 478

Shinkolobwe mine, 119, 190

Shintwa, Kibambi, 381, 393, 400

Simbas, 322–24, 326, 328, 338, 371, 411

Skol beer, 476, 485

slave trade, 22, 23–25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 124, 154

    and “boys” (household slaves), 62–63

    freed slaves, 70, 72–73, 78, 110

    and Leopold, 39, 62, 78, 80, 94

    and Stanley, 43–46

    and Tippo Tip, 42–43

Sledge, Sister, 348

sleeping sickness, 47, 94, 95–96, 98, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 122, 139, 141, 146, 198, 223, 329

Snyder, Andrew, 489

soccer, 172–73, 177, 209–10, 237–38, 247–48, 349

Soete, Gerard, 308

Soki, Dr., 450–52

Somalia, 417

Son, François, 308

sorghum, 23

Soumialot, Gaston, 322, 323, 324, 341, 342

South Africa, 258, 311, 312, 467, 473

South African Development Community, 524

South Sudan, 16, 80, 81

Sovereign National Conference, 397–401, 402–6, 410, 431, 434, 500

Soviet Union, 201, 305, 320

    after 1991,
see
Russia

    collapse of, 364–65

    and First Republic, 283, 297, 298, 299–300, 302, 309, 322

Spain, colonies of, 37, 258

Spanish Civil War, 184

Stanley, Henry Morton, 7, 9, 37, 62–63, 99

    arrival of, 16, 33

    crossing of Central Africa, 33–36, 40–41, 42, 44, 53, 58

    and East Congo, 80–81

    and Leopold II, 41, 44, 49, 50–52, 53, 58–59, 81

    and Livingstone, 32, 33–34

    and railroad, 84

    reputation of, 46, 49

    and slaves, 43–46, 49, 99

    stations established by, 44, 49–50, 52, 60, 101–2

    treaties made by, 50–51, 529

Stanleyville, 164, 264, 324

    government moved to, 305

    as Kisangani, 332

    Lumumba in, 242–43

    riots in, 255, 372

Star of the Congo mine, 123, 125

steel industry, 191, 367, 368

Stengers, Jean, 55

Stiglitz, Joseph, 512

Sudan, 60, 183

    independence of, 234, 241

    and Second Congo War, 445

    trade with China, 526, 530–31

Suez Canal, 183, 186, 187

Sukarno, 233

Sunlight soap, 126–27, 191

Swaggart, Jimmy, 490

Swahili, 15, 32, 169

Swahilo-Arab trade, 52, 62

Swinburne, Anthony, 49–50, 52, 55, 63–64, 67, 68

Swing, William, 468

Swinnen, Johan, 472

Switzerland, trading networks, 457

Tabares, Elisabeth, 345

Tabora, 134, 135, 185, 187

tantalum, 119, 456

Tanzania, 16, 31, 130, 245, 376, 415

Taureau, Maître (Master Steer), 212, 345

Taylor, William, 48

Tembo people, 411

Tempels, Placide, 205–6

Tervuren colonial exhibition (1897), 65, 180, 239, 352, 542

Third Republic of Congo, 502–13

    administration of, 505–9

    atrocities in, 517, 523

    and China, 525–36, 543–56

    Congo on the eve of, 504–5

    constitution of, 505

    corruption in, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512, 529

    economy of, 509–10, 531–32, 536

    and elections, 502–3, 507, 508, 511–13, 516, 532, 556

    life expectancy in, 510

    military of, 524

    refugee camps in, 515

    shift to, 397, 404–5, 406, 502–3

    violence in, 506–7

Thys, Albert, 84, 85, 106, 120

Tibbets, Paul, 189–90

Tigo (multinational), 482–83, 486–88

Timothée (in China), 551, 552–53

tin, 15, 119, 191, 456

Tingi-Tingi massacre (1997), 452

Tippo Tip, 32–33, 34–35, 38, 42–43, 44, 58, 64, 80–81

tobacco, 126, 156

Tobback, Nicolas, 103

Togo, 130, 138

Tombeur, Charles, 133, 134

Tordeur, Jean, 247

tribal associations, 215, 264

tribal awareness, 14, 108, 110–16, 139, 174–75, 252, 292

    detribalization, 207, 341, 349

    and elections, 502

    and ethnic violence/genocide, 411–16, 426, 437, 442, 459, 471, 517, 521

    and poverty, 442

    and race, 139;
see also
race

    at state level, 351–52

tropical medicine, 106

trust territories, 139

tsetse fly, 94, 106, 109

Tshimbombo Mukuna, Jacques, 398

Tshisekedi, Étienne:

    arrest of, 434

    coexistence with Mobutu, 400, 407, 428

    and elections, 397, 431, 497, 503

    in exile, 383, 434

    and First and Second Plundering, 409

    open letter to Mobutu from, 382–83, 384, 404

    popularity of, 400, 410

    as prime minister, 401, 404–5, 408

    and transitional government, 404–5

    and UDPS, 383, 397, 434, 467

Tshombe, Moïse, 252–53, 254, 256, 470

    and colonial portfolio, 329, 345

    death of, 281, 337–38, 342

    and elections, 264, 265, 329, 410

    in exile, 318, 325, 337, 371

    and First Republic, 283, 284, 325, 329

    and Kasai secession, 302

    and Katangan secession, 294–95, 305–6, 310–16, 318

    and Lumumba, 307, 308, 311

    as provincial governor, 275, 284

    supporters of, 284, 325–26

tuberculosis, 125, 329

Tukeke, Albert, 244, 255

Tunisia, 233, 241

Tupelepele (floaters) sect, 162

Turkey, 54

Tutsi people, 13, 350–51, 443

    and ethnic violence, 411–15, 418, 421, 426, 440, 461, 471, 472, 473

    and Kabila regime, 436, 438–39, 444

    and Kagame regime, 426

    and Nkunda, 516–17, 518, 521, 523

    and Rwandan invasion, 418, 421–24

    and Second Congo War, 471, 472, 473

Tutu, Desmond, 523

Twain, Mark, 97

typhoid fever, 106, 125, 164