Congo (108 page)

CHAPTER 10

1.
Braeckman 1992: 298.

2.
Remilleux 1989: 91.

3.
Remilleux 1989: 92.

4.
http://www.bernd-leitenberger.de/otrag.shtml.

5.
Kalonga 1978: 32–47.

6.
Mende Omalanga and Tshilenge wa Kabamb 1992: 75–77.

7.
Willame 1986.

8.
Ndaywiel è Nziem 1998: 737.

9.
Willame 1986: 132.

10.
Willame 1986: 80–81.

11.
Interviews with Zizi Kabongo, Kinshasa, May 31and November 14 and 16, 2007, April 21 and September 16, 2008.

12.
Geerts 2005: 173–76.

13.
Yambuya 1991: 34–36.

14.
Yambuya 1991: 33.

15.
Yambuya 1991: 28.

16.
Cabinet du Département de la Défense Nationale 1974: 40.

17.
Kamitatu-Massamba 1977: 103.

18.
Yambuya 1991: 69.

19.
Yakemtchouk 1988b: 399–402.

20.
Young and Turner 1985: 375.

21.
Wrong 2000: 190.

22.
Interview with Eugène Yoka Kinene, Kinshasa, November 11, 2008.

23.
Interview with Alphonsine Mosolo Mpiaka, Kinshasa, November 7, 2008.

24.
Young and Turner 1985: 324.

25.
Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 732.

26.
Young and Turner 1985: 324.

27.
Ndaywel è Nziem 1998: 732.

28.
Willame 1992: 96.

29.
Peemans 1988: 23.

30.
Young and Turner 1985: 379.

31.
Mende Omalanga and Tshilenge wa Kabamb 1992: 28–29.

32.
Blumenthal 1982: 8.

33.
Blumenthal 1982: 15.

34.
Nguza Karl I Bond 1982.

35.
Released CIA document, “Zaire’s IMF Problem,” September 15, 1986, http://www.foia.cia.gov/.

36.
Stiglitz 2002: 12.

37.
Kabuya Kalala et al. 1980.

38.
Interview with Didace Kawang, Kinshasa, September 30, 2008.

39.
Stiglitz 2002: 18.

40.
Young and Turner 1985: 323.

41.
Emizet 1997: 22, 26.

42.
Nzongola-Ntalaja 1986: 4.

43.
Peemans 1988: 39.

44.
Emizet 1997: 25.

45.
Young and Turner 1985: 311.

46.
Janssen 1997: 78–83.

47.
Janssen 1997: 73–78.

48.
Interview with Kibambi Shintwa, Kinshasa, September 25, 2008.

49.
Interviews with Jean Lema, alias Jamais Kolonga, Kinshasa, October 3, 14, and November 6, 2008.

50.
Bender 2006: 304.

51.
Interview with Alfons Mertens, Puurs, November 5, 2007.

52.
Willame 1992: 132.

53.
Interview with Raymond Mukoka, Kinshasa, September 29, 2008.

54.
Wrong 2000: 97.

55.
Braeckman 1992: 72.

56.
Interview with Mrs.A., Kinshasa, March 17, 2005; cf. Nlandu-Tsasa 1997: 16.

57.
Vandommele 1983: 78–79; Batumike 1986: 52–53.

58.
Amnesty International 1980; Amnesty International 1983.

59.
Yambuya 1991: 91.

60.
Nlandu-Tsasa 1997: 98.

61.
Mvumbi Ngolu Tsasa 1986: 68–69.

62.
Interview with Papy Mbwiti, Kinshasa, September 30, 2008.

63.
MacGaffey 1991: 17–19.

64.
Nlandu-Tsasa 1997: 64.

65.
Renton et al. 2007: 136.

66.
Interview with Papy Mbwiti, Kinshasa, September 30, 2008.

67.
Interview with Rufin Kibari Nsanga, Kikwit, September 21, 2008.

68.
Newbury 1984.

69.
Interview with Régine Mutijima, Kinshasa, December 10, 2008.

70.
Interview with Thérèse Pakasa, Kinshasa, November 8, 2008.

71.
Michel 1999.

72.
Braeckman 1992: 303.

CHAPTER 11

1.
Interview with Régine Mutijima, Kinshasa, December 10, 2008.

2.
Interview with Modeste Mutinga, Kinshasa, October 3, 2008.

3.
Interview with Baudouin Hamuli, Kinshasa, September 16 and 24, 2008.

4.
Hamuli Kabarhuza et al. 2003: 27.

5.
Braeckman 1992: 205.

6.
Interview with Baudouin Hamuli, Kinshasa, September 16 and 24, 2008.

7.
Mende Omalanga and Tshilenge wa Kabamb 1992: 45–47.

8.
Buyse 1994: 29.

9.
Interview with Kibambi Shintwa, Kinshasa, September 25, 2008.

10.
Interview with Baudouin Hamuli, Kinshasa, September 16 and 24, 2008.

11.
Interview with José Mpundu, Kinshasa, September 23, 2008.

12.
De Dorlodot 1994: 90–94.

13.
Interviews with Zizi Kabongo, Kinshasa, May 31, November 14 and 16, 2007, April 21 and September 16, 2008.

14.
Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002: 193.

15.
Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002: 199.

16.
Villers and Omasomba 2002: 403.

17.
Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002: 196–98.

18.
De Herdt and Marysse 2002: 175.

19.
Banque Centrale du Congo 2007: 92.

20.
Michel 1992.

21.
Smith 2005: 234.

22.
Devisch 1995: 608.

23.
Hamuli Kabarhuza et al. 2003: 18.

24.
Devisch 1995.

25.
Ndaywel è Nziem 1995: 78, 116.

26.
Ndaywel è Nziem 1995: 65–66.

27.
Banque Centrale du Congo 2007: 117.

28.
Beaugrand 1997: 9.

29.
Banque Centrale du Congo 2007: 119; De Boeck and Plissart 2004: 187.

30.
Beaugrand 2003.

31.
Interview with Alexandre Kasumba Dunia, zoo manager, Kinshasa, December 29, 2003.

32.
Kabuya Kalala and Matata Ponyo 1999.

33.
Interview with Sekombi Katondolo, Goma, November 26, 2008.

34.
Mamdani 2001: 253.

35.
Interview with anonymous Mai-mai, Goma, December 4, 2008.

36.
Interview with Pierrot Bushala, Goma, November 26, 2008.

37.
Vlassenroot 2000.

38.
Prunier 2009: 25.

39.
Interview with Ruffin Luliba, Kinshasa, October 1, 2008.

40.
Reyntjens 2009: 88.

41.
Prunier 2009: 122.

42.
Interview with Katelijne Hermans, Brussels, September 12, 2007.

43.
Interview with Dr. Soki, Kisangani, November 16, 2008.

44.
Interview with Sekombi Katondolo, Goma, November 26, 2008.

45.
Efinda 2009: 49.

46.
Efinda 2009: 73.

47.
Human Rights Watch 1997a: 23.

48.
Interview with Papy Bulaya, Kinshasa, December 11, 2008.

49.
Van Dijck 1997: 9.

50.
Prunier 2009: 148.

51.
Interview with Rufin Kibari Nsanga, Kikwit, September 21, 2008.

52.
Interview with Katelijne Hermans, Brussels, September 12, 2007.

53.
Interview with Rufin Kibari Nsanga, Kikwit, September 21, 2008.

54.
Interview with Rufin Kibari Nsanga, Kikwit, September 21, 2008.

55.
Willame 1998.

56.
Reyntjens 2009: 67–77.

57.
Prunier 2009: 137–43.

58.
El-Tahri 2000.

59.
Tokwaulu Aena n.d.: 187.

60.
El-Tahri 2000.

CHAPTER 12

1.
Reyntjens 2009: 152.

2.
Reyntjens 2009: 152.

3.
Banque Centrale du Congo 2007: 95.

4.
Human Rights Watch 1997b: 16.

5.
Rights Watch 1997b: 48.

6.
Reyntjens 2009: 152.

7.
Interview with Bertin Punga, Kinshasa, September 29, 2008.

8.
Frère 2005: 100.

9.
Interview with Zizi Kabongo, Kinshasa, November 14, 2007.