Colin Woodard (52 page)

3
Even so, Massachusetts has a town and a college named in his honor.

4
Bernhard Knollenberg, “General Amherst and Germ Warfare,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
, Vol. 41, No. 3, December 1954, pp. 489–494; Taylor (2001), pp. 433–437.

5
Phillips (1999), pp. 171–173; Edmund S. Morgan, “The Puritan Ethic and the American Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, Vol. 24, No. 1, January 1967, pp. 3–43; Fischer (1989), p. 827; Capt. Levi Preston quoted in David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 163–164.

6
John M. Murrin et al., eds.,
Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People
, Belmont, CA: Thompson Learning, 2009, pp. 148–149.

7
Marc Engal, “The Origins of the Revolution in Virginia: A Reinterpretation,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, Vol. 37, No. 3, July 1980, pp. 401–428; Thad W. Tate, “The Coming of the Revolution in Virginia: Britain's Challenge to Virginia's Ruling Class, 1763–1776,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, Third Series, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 1962, pp. 324–343.

8
A. Roger Ekirch, “Whig Authority and Public Order in Backcountry North Carolina, 1776–1783,” in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds.,
An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution
, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985, pp. 99–103.

9
Phillips (1999), pp. 211–219; Baltzell (1979), p. 181.

10
Edward Countryman, “Consolidating Power in Revolutionary America: The Case of New York, 1775–1783,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
, Vol. 6, No. 4, Spring 1976, pp. 650–670.

11
Robert A. Olwell, “ ‘Domestic Enemies': Slavery and Political Independence in South Carolina, May 1775–March 1776,”
Journal of Southern History
, Vol. 55, No. 1, Feb. 1989, pp. 21–22, 27–28.

12
Ibid., pp. 29–30.

13
Karen Northrop Barzilay, “Fifty Gentlemen Total Strangers: A Portrait of the First Continental Congress,” doctoral dissertation, The College of William and Mary, January 2009, pp. 17–20.

14
John Adams quoted in Boorstin (1958), p. 404.

15
John E. Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 116.

16
“Letter of Noble Wimberly Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houstoun to the President of the First Continental Congress, Savannah, Ga.: 6 April 1775,” in Allen Candler, ed.,
Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia
, Vol. 1, Atlanta: Franklin Turner, 1908.

17
George Wilson,
Portrait Gallery of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
, New York: Chamber of Commerce, 1890, pp. 30–32; Barzilay (2009), pp. 182–183; Carl Lotus Becker,
The History of Political Parties in the Province of New York, 1670–1776
, Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1907, pp. 143–146.

18
Barzilay (2009), pp. 291–295; “Plan of Union,” in Worthington C. Ford et al., eds.,
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789
, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 49–51; Becker, p. 143, n. 149.

19
Henry Laurens quoted in Olwell (1989), p. 29.

1
David Hackett Fischer,
Paul Revere's Ride
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 151–154; Max M. Mintz,
The Generals of Saratoga
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990, pp. 82–84; Joseph Ellis,
American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic
, New York: Knopf, 2007, pp. 32–34.

2
Robert McCluer Calhoon,
The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781
, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1973, pp. 371–372; Oscar Barck,
New York City During the War for Independence
, Port Washington, NY: Ira J. Friedman Inc., 1931, pp. 41–44; Judith L. Van Buskirk,
Generous Enemies: Patriots and Loyalists in Revolutionary New York
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, p. 16.

3
Bart McDowell,
The Revolutionary War: America's Fight for Freedom
, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1977, pp. 58–60; Calhoon, pp. 373–377; Countryman (1976), p. 657; Christopher Moore,
The Loyalists: Revolution, Exile, Settlement
, Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1984, pp. 93–101; Reverend Ewald Schaukirk quoted in Van Buskirk, p. 21; Barck, pp. 78, 192–195; Calhoon, pp. 362–363; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 194.

4
Calhoon (1973), pp. 356–358; Piers Mackesy, “British Strategy in the War of American Independence,” in David L. Jacobson, ed.,
Essays on the American Revolution
, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970, pp. 174–6.

5
Moore (1984), pp. 107–109; Buskirk (2002), pp. 179, 193.

6
Calhoon (1973), pp. 360, 382–390.

7
Ibid., pp. 390–395; McDowell (1977), pp. 66–81.

8
Anne M. Ousterhout, “Controlling the Opposition in Pennsylvania during the American Revolution,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
, Vol. 105, No. 1, January 1981, pp. 4–5, 16–17, 30.

9
Olwell (1989), pp. 30–32, 38.

10
Ibid., pp. 37–48.

11
Zubly quoted in Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969, p. 95; Olwell (1989), p. 36; W. W. Abbot, “Lowcountry, Backcountry: A View of Georgia in the American Revolution,” in Hoffman et al., (1985), pp. 326–328.

12
Spain surrendered Florida to the British under the terms of the 1763 Peace of Paris, which ended the Seven Years' (or “French and Indian”) War.

13
Calhoon (1973), p. 474.

14
Leyburn (1962), p. 305.

15
Richard R. Beeman, “The Political Response to Social Conflict in the Southern Backcountry” in Hoffman et al., (1985), p. 231; Ekrich in Hoffman et al., pp. 99–100, 103–111; Crow in Hoffman et al., pp. 162, 168–169; Fischer (2005), pp. 82–84.

16
Olwell (1989), pp. 32, 37; British Maj. George Hanger quoted in Robert M. Weir, “The Violent Spirit: the Reestablishment of Order and the Continuity of Leadership in Post-Revolutionary South Carolina,” in Hoffman et al., (1985), p. 74; Henry Lee to Gen. Greene, 4 June 1781, in Richard K. Showman, ed.,
The Papers of General Nathanael Greene,
Vol. 8, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005, pp. 300–311.

17
Weir in Hoffman et al., (1985), p. 71–78; Calhoon, pp. 491–495.

18
Weir in Hoffman et al., (1985), pp. 76–77.

19
Olwell (1989), pp. 36, 40–41.

20
Gary B. Nash,
The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America
, New York: Penguin, 2006, pp. 335–339.

1
Jack P. Greene, “The Background of the Articles of Confederation,”
Publius
, Vol. 12, No. 4, Autumn 1982, pp. 32, 35–36.

2
Jack Rakove, “The Legacy of the Articles of Confederation,”
Publius
, Vol. 12, No. 4, Autumn 1982, pp. 45–54; Greene (1982), pp. 37–40, 42.

3
Calvin C. Jillson, “Political Culture and the Pattern of Congressional Politics Under the Articles of Confederation,”
Publius
, Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 1988, pp. 8–10; H. James Henderson, “Factional relationships between the Continental Congress and State Legislatures; a new slant on the politics of the American Revolution,”
Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences for 1966
[Vol. 47], Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 1967, pp. 326–327.

4
Jillson, pp. 11–12, 17.

5
Paul Wentworth, “Minutes respecting political Parties in America and Sketches of the leading Persons in each Province [1778]” in B. F. Stevens, ed.,
Facsimiles of Manuscripts in European Archives
, London: Malby & Sons, 1889; “London, January 6,”
South-Carolina Weekly Gazette
, 10 April 1784, p. 2; Bancroft quoted in Joseph Davis,
Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774–1787
, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, p. 67.

6
J. R. Pole, “Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy” in Jacobson (1970), pp. 236–237.

7
Merrill Jensen, “Democracy and the American Revolution” in Jacobson, pp. 219–225.

8
Jensen in Jacobson, pp. 218, 226–227; quotes from Howard Zinn,
A People's History of the United States
, New York: HarperCollins, 1999, pp. 70, 75, 81, 83, 85, 88–89; J. R. Pole, “Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy” in Jacobson (1970), p. 238; Phillips (1999), p. 324.

9
Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist No. 8” and “Federalist No. 15,” in Clinton Rossiter, ed.,
The Federalist Papers
, New York: Penguin, 1961, pp. 66–71, 107; Washington quoted in Richard B. Morris, “The Confederation Period and the American Historian,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd Series, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1956, p. 139.

10
John P. Roche, “The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action,” in Jacobson (1970), pp. 267–271; Calvin Jillson and Thornton Anderson, “Voting Bloc Analysis in the Constitutional Convention: Implications for an Interpretation of the Connecticut Compromise,”
Western Political Quarterly
, Vol. 31, No. 4, December 1978, pp. 537–547.

11
Shorto (1983), pp. 304–305, 315–316.

12
See Orin Grant Libby, “The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal Constitution, 1787–8,”
Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin
, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 1894, pp. 1–116.

13
Roche in Jacobson (1970), pp. 267–275; Jillson and Anderson (1978), pp. 542–545.

1
John Bartlett Brebner,
The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia
, New York: Russell & Russell, 1970, pp. 24–29, 54–57, 312–319; Ann Gorman Condon,
The Envy of the American States: The Loyalist Dream for New Brunswick
, Fredericton, NB: New Ireland Press, 1984, p. 78; Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed.,
Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789
, Vol. 3, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905, p. 315; Phillips (1999), pp. 141–145.

2
Jack P. Greene, “The Cultural Dimensions of Political Transfers,”
Early American Studies
, Spring 2008, pp. 12–15.

3
Justin H. Smith,
Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony: Canada and the American Revolution
, Vol. 1, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907, p. 474.

4
“Thomas Dundas to the Earl Cornwallis, Saint John, N.B., 28 December 1786,” in Charles Ross, ed.,
Correspondence of Charles, first Marquis Cornwallis,
Vol. 1, London: John Murray, 1859, p. 279; Condon (1984), pp. 85–89.

5
Condon (1984), pp. 85–89, 190–192; Stephen Kimber,
Loyalists and Layabouts: The Rapid Rise and Faster Fall of Shelburne, Nova Scotia
, Scarborough, Ont.: Doubleday Canada, 2008, pp. 3, 10, 291–295, 301.

6
Alan Taylor, “The Late Loyalists: Northern Reflections of the Early American Republic,”
Journal of the Early Republic
, Vol. 27, Spring 2007, p. 23.

7
Ibid., pp. 3–31.

8
Ibid.

1
Terry Bouton,
Taming Democracy: “The People,” The Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 178–179.

2
Ibid., pp. 181–183.

3
Ibid., pp. 76–77, 83–87.

4
Ibid., pp. 83–87.

5
On Franklin see Samuel Cole Williams.
History of the Lost State of Franklin
, Johnson City, TN: Watauga Press, 1933; John C. Fitzpatrick,
Journals of the Continental Congress
, Vol. 28, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933, pp. 384–385.

6
Bouton, pp. 197–215.

7
Ibid., pp. 224–226.

8
William Hogeland,
The Whiskey Rebellion
, New York: Scribner, 2006, pp. 172–176, 181–183, 205–208; Bouton (2007), pp. 234–241.

9
James M. Banner Jr.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815
, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970, pp. 89–92.

10
David McCullough,
John Adams
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001, pp. 504–505;
Courier of New Hampshire
, 22 August 1797.

11
McCullough, pp. 505–506; Vanessa Beasley,
Who Belongs in America?
, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2006, pp. 45–46, 53; H. Jefferson Powell, “The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval,”
Virginia Law Review
, Vol. 80, No. 3, April 1994, p. 704.

12
James P. Martin, “When Repression Is Democratic and Constitutional: The Federalist Theory of Representation in the Sedition Act of 1798,”
University of Chicago Law Review
, Vol. 66, No. 1, Winter 1999, pp. 146–148;
The Patriotick Proceedings of the Legislature of Massachusetts
, Boston: Joshua Cushing, 1809, p. 116.