Citizen Emperor (171 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
15: The Tide Turns
| 1 . | Oskar Criste, Erzherzog Karl von Österreich , 2 vols (Vienna and Leipzig, 1912), ii. p. 436; Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy , p. 234; and James Allen Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy and the Austrian War of 1809’, Central European History , 7:4 (1974), 305. |
| 2 . | On how he did this see Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy’, 300–4. |
| 3 . | Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy’, 307. |
| 4 . | See, for example, Metternich, Mémoires , ii. pp. 214–15 (26 August 1808); Grunwald (ed.), ‘Les débuts diplomatiques de Metternich à Paris’, 503–5, 512, 518–19;Grunwald (ed.), ‘La fin d’une ambassade, Metternich’, 840–1, 846 (20 January and 10 April 1809); Manfred Botzenhart, Metternichs Pariser Botschafterzeit (Münster, 1967), pp. 88–95; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 85–6; Alan Sked, Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 35–42. |
| 5 . | Metternich, Mémoires , ii. pp. 289–90, 290–2, 292–5, 296–9 (3, 11, 18 and 25 April 1809); Grunwald (ed.), ‘Les débuts diplomatiques de Metternich à Paris’, 525. |
| 6 . | Metternich, Mémoires , ii. p. 170 (27 April 1808); Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 63–4. |
| 7 . | Grunwald (ed.), ‘La fin d’une ambassade’, 839 (11 January 1809). |
| 8 . | Text in Beer, Zehn Jahre österreichischer Politik , pp. 516–35; Botzenhart, Metternichs Pariser Botschafterzeit , pp. 279–84; Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy’, 309. Metternich’s role in the preparations for war is unclear. Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. p. 65, argues that he was an intimate of the war party; Botzenhart, Metternichs Pariser Botschafterzeit , pp. 262–4, 270–84, argues that throughout the autumn of 1808 Metternich was against war with France, but that his reports about the internal divisions at the court of Paris strengthened the hand of the war party. |
| 9 . | Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy’, 305. |
| 10 . | Corr. xxvii. n. 14380 (14 October 1808). He supposedly told Jérôme in the spring of 1809 that the Austrian Emperor would cease to reign within two months (Grunwald (ed.), ‘La fin d’une ambassade’, 485). |
| 11 . | Vann, ‘Habsburg Policy’, 305; Gunther E. Rothenberg, Napoleon’s Great Adversary: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1814 (Staplehurst, 1995), pp. 160–1. It would appear that Charles was not in favour of war when it was declared, on 8 February 1809, on the grounds that the army was not ready. See Moritz von Angeli, Erzherzog Carl als Feldherr und Heeresorganisator , 5 vols (Vienna, 1896–8), iv. pp. 9–10; Criste, Erzherzog Karl von Österreich , ii. pp. 432–8; John H. Gill, 1809: Thunder on the Danube: Napoleon’s Defeat of the Habsburgs , 3 vols (London, 2008–10), i. pp. 35–6. |
| 12 . | Ernst Zehetbauer, Die Landwehr gegen Napoleon: Österreichs erste Miliz und der Nationalkrieg von 1809 (Vienna, 1999). |
| 13 . | Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Emperor’s Last Victory: Napoleon and the Battle of Wagram (London, 2005), pp. 43, 60–1. |
| 14 . | Karl Wagner, ‘Die Wiener Zeitungen und Zeitschriften der Jahre 1808 und 1809’, Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte , 104 (1915), 254–348, 383–6; Walter C. Langsam, The Napoleonic Wars and German Nationalism in Austria (New York, 1930), p. 60. |
| 15 . | On Stadion’s propaganda campaign see Wagner, ‘Die Wiener Zeitungen und Zeitschriften der Jahre 1808 und 1809’, 197–400. On the pamphlet literature see Langsam, The Napoleonic Wars , pp. 56–93; Helmut Hammer, Oesterreichs Propaganda zum Feldzug 1809: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der politischen Propaganda (Munich, 1935); Jörg Echternkamp, Der Aufstieg des deutschen Nationalismus (1770–1840) (Frankfurt, 1998), pp. 195–203. |
| 16 . | Elaborated on by Karen Hagemann, ‘“Be Proud and Firm, Citizens of Austria!” Patriotism and Masculinity in Texts of the “Political Romantics” Written during Austria’s Anti-Napoleonic Wars’, German Studies Review , 29 (2006), 41–62. |
| 17 . | For this see Alan Sked, Radetzky: Imperial Victor and Military Genius (London, 2011), p. 25. |
| 18 . | On the battle of Eckmühl see F. Loraine Petre, Napoleon and the Archduke Charles: A History of the Franco-Austrian Campaign in the Valley of the Danube in 1809 (London, 1909), pp. 167–85. |
| 19 . | Tourtier-Bonazzi, Lettres d’amour à Joséphine , p. 331 (6 May 1809). We do not know, in fact, where exactly on the foot Napoleon was wounded, nor which foot it was. In the large toe of the left foot, according to Ségur, Histoire et mémoires , iii. pp. 328–9. |
| 20 . | Rothenberg, The Emperor’s Last Victory , pp. 75–6. |
| 21 . | Peter Csendes and Ferdinand Opll (eds), Wien: Geschichte einer Stadt , vol. iii: Von 1790 bis zur Gegenwart (Vienna, 2002), pp. 94–5. |
| 22 . | Ouvrard, 1809: les Français à Vienne , pp. 42–55. |
| 23 . | Cited in Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy , p. 236; Eduard Wertheimer, ‘Zur Geschichte Wiens im Jahre 1809. (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Krieges von 1809.)’, Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte , 74 (1889), 164–94. |
| 24 . | For the following description of Vienna see John Bramsen, Letters of a Prussian Traveller , 2 vols (London, 1818), i. pp. 85–6, 93–9; Stendhal, Correspondance de Stendhal: 1800–1842 , 3 vols (Paris, 1908), i. p. 343 (18 May 1809); |
| 25 . | On the battle of Aspern-Essling see Petre, Napoleon and the Archduke Charles , pp. 274–98; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 694–707; Parker, Three Napoleonic Battles , pp. 27–98; Gill, 1809: Thunder on the Danube , ii. pp. 129–98. |
| 26 . | F. Gunther Eyck, Loyal Rebels: Andreas Hofer and the Tyrolean Uprising of 1809 (Lanham, Md, 1986); Martin p. Schennach, Revolte in der Region: zur Tiroler Erhebung 1809 (Innsbruck, 2009). The uprising was not so much about hatred of the French as about hatred of Bavaria. Napoleon responded in his habitual manner, ordering General Lefebvre to wipe out six big villages as an example, threatening to put the whole of the Tyrol to fire and blood if the inhabitants did not surrender all their arms (Napoleon to Lefebvre, in Lecestre (ed.), Lettres inédites , i. p. 337 (30 July 1809)). |
| 27 . | Altough both uprisings ended in failure, they were exploited by German nationalists. See Boudon, Le roi Jérôme , pp. 283–8; Sam A. Mustafa, The Long Ride of Major von Schill: A Journey through German History and Memory (Lanham, Md, 2009). |
| 28 . | On the Tugendbund see Gérard Hertault and Abel Douay, Franc-maçonnerie et sociétés secrètes contre Napoléon: naissance de la nation allemande (Paris, 2005), pp. 109–75. |
| 29 . | Schama, Patriots and Liberators , pp. 595–600. The significance of the expedition has been clearly demonstrated by Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 360–1. |
| 30 . | See, for example, Roger Dufraisse, ‘La crise économique de 1810–1812 en pays annexé: l’exemple de la rive gauche du Rhin’, Francia , 6 (1978), 407–40. |
| 31 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 699. |
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