Carthage Must Be Destroyed

Table of Contents

 

 

 

VIKING
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Published in 2011 by Viking Penguin,

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Copyright © Richard Miles, 2010

All rights reserved

 

Illustration credits appear on pages ix–xi.

 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

 

Miles, Richard.

Carthage must be destroyed : the rise and fall of an ancient civilization / Richard Miles.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN : 978-1-101-51703-1

1. Carthage (Extinct city)—History. 2. Rome—History—Republic, 265–30 B.C. 3. Hannibal, 247–182 B.C. I. Title. DT269.C35M55 2011

939.73—dc22

2011004123

 

 

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1.
Aeneas’ Farewell from Dido in Carthage
, 1675–6, oil on canvas, by Claude Lorrain, Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany. Photograph copyright © Elke Walford, 2005. Photo Scala, Florence/ BPK, Bildagentur fuer Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, Berlin

2. Panoramic view of Carthage, painting, Musée National de Carthage, Tunisia. Prisma/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd

3. Finger ring with setting adorned with a woman’s head, third century BC, gold, from the Necropolis of sainte-Monique, Carthage. Musée National de Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph: Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunisie (INP)

4. Finger ring with setting adorned with the profile of a man’s head, third century BC, gold, from the Necropolis of sainte-Monique, Carthage. Musée National de Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph: Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunisie (INP)

5. Amulets depicting faces, fourth to third century BC, glass, Musée National de Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph copyright © Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS

6. Relief depicting the unloading of wood after transportation by sea, eighth century BC, stone, Assyrian, from the Palace of Sargon II, Khorsabad, Iraq. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France/Lauros/Giraudon/ The Bridgeman Art Library

7. Votive Punic stele depicting Priest holding a child, fourth century BC, dark limestone, from the tophet of Carthage. Musée National du Bardo, Tunisia. Photograph copyright © Roger Wood/CORBIS

8. Punic stelae on the cemetery of the tophet, third to second century BC, Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph copyright © Dave Bartruff/ CORBIS

9. Votive stele depicting Tanit, goddess of Carthage, holding a caduceus with a dolphin and an inscription, second to first century BC, limestone, Phoenician, from Tophet El-Horfa, Algeria. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France/The Bridgeman Art Library

10. Sarcophagus of ‘Winged Priestess’, fourth or third century BC, marble, from the Necropolis of sainte-Monique, Carthage. Musée National de Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph: Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunisie (INP)

11. Youth of Motya,
c
. 470–450 BC, marble, Greek. Museo Giuseppe Whitaker, Mozia. Regione Siciliana, Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali, Servizio per i Beni Archeologici, Trapani. Copyright © 2008. Photo Scala, Florence, Italy.

12. Gold sheet with Phoenician text, fifth century BC, from Pyrgi. Museo di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy. Copyright © 1990. Photo Scala, Florence–courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali.

13. Gold sheet with Etruscan text, fifth century BC, from Pyrgi. Museo di Villa Giulia, Rome, Italy. Copyright © 1990. Photo Scala, Florence –courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali.

14. Remains of a Phoenician ship, third century BC, Marsala, Italy. Copyright © 1990. Photo Scala, Florence.

15. Stele of Amrit: Melqart on his lion,
c
. 550 BC, limestone, from Amrit, Syria. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. Copyright © RMN/ Franck Raux

16. Hercules, second century BC, bronze sculpture, Italian school, Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome, Italy. Photograph copyright © Araldo de Luca/CORBIS

17. Silver didrachm showing head of Hercules with she-wolf and twins design, Roman, issued
c
. 275–260 BC. Photograph copyright © The Trustees of the British Museum

18. Punic Mausoleum, early second century BC, Sabrata, Tripolitania, Libya. Photograph: akg-images, London/Gérard Degeorge

19. Hannibal, first century BC, stone bust. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy. Photograph: Mary Evans Picture Library

20. Silver double shekel of Carthage showing head of Hercules-Melqart, issued by the Barcid family in Spain,
c
. 230 BC. Photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum

21.
Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
, exhibited 1812, oil on canvas, Joseph Mallord William Turner. Tate Gallery, London. Photograph copyright © Tate, London 2009

22.
The Battle of Zama, 202 BC
, 1521, oil on canvas, attributed to Giulio Romano. The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia. Photograph: akg-images, London

23. Scipio, Publius Cornelius, known as Scipio Africanus the Elder (235–183 BC), marble bust, Roman. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy. Photograph: akg-images, London/Erich Lessing

24. Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) in a toga, stone sculpture, Roman. Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Libary

25. View of the ruins, Carthage, Tunisia. Photograph: Ken Welsh/The Bridgeman Art Library

26.
Apotheosis of Alexandria with Personification of the Four Parts of the World (Or: Dido Abandoned by Aeneas)
, first century AD, mural painting, Roman, from Casa Meleagro, Pompeii, Italy. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photograph: akg-images, London/Erich Lessing

Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. The publishers will be glad to correct any errors or omissions in future editions.

All dates are BC

969–936
Reign of Hiram I of Tyre.

911
Beginning of resurgence of Assyria.

884–859
Reign of Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria.

830–810
Foundation of Tyrian colony at Kition in Cyprus.

814
Reputed foundation date of Carthage.

800–750
Foundation and early development of Carthage Foundation of Pithecusa.

800–700
Foundation of Phoenician trading stations and colonies in Spain, the Balearics, Malta, Sardinia, Sicily and North Africa.

753
Reputed foundation date of Rome.

745–727
Reign of Tiglathpileser III of Assyria.

704–681
Reign of Sennacherib of Assyria.

586–573
Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon.

550
(circa) The Magonids come to dominate Carthage politically.

535
Victory of the Carthaginian and Etruscan fleets over the Phocaeans at Alalia.

509
First treaty between Carthage and Rome.

500
(circa) The Pyrgi Tablets.

500–400
Possible period for Hanno’s voyage to West Africa and Himilco’s expedition into the northern Atlantic.

480
Defeat of the forces of the Magonid general Hamilcar by Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, at the Battle of Himera.

479–410
Political reforms in Carthage, including creation of the Tribunal of One Hundred and Four, the Popular Assembly and the suffeture.

409
The destruction of Selinus and the recapture of Himera by Carthaginian forces.

405
Carthaginian protectorate in western Sicily acknowledged in a treaty with Dionysius of Syracuse.

397
The destruction of Motya by Dionysius of Syracuse and the subsequent foundation of Lilybaeum (Marsala) by the Carthaginians.

396
Introduction of the cult of Demeter and Core in Carthage.