Blood Work (25 page)

16
Boyle to Lower, 26 June 1666; Lower to Boyle, 3 September 1666; Lower,
Tractatus de corde
, 177–179. See also Frank,
Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists
, 177–178.

17
“The Method Observed in Transfusing the Bloud out of One Animal into Another,”
Philosophical Transactions
20 (December 17, 1666): 356.

18
Tinniswood,
By Permission of Heaven
, 46.

19
Reddaway,
Rebuilding London After the Great Fire
, 23.

20
Debris may still have been smoking as late as March 1667. See Dolan, “Ashes and the ‘Archive,'” 382.

21
Jardine,
Robert Hooke
, 135; Hall places the number around eighty thousand (
Henry Oldenburg
, 111).

22
Taswell,
Autobiography
, 11.

23
See Linebaugh, “The Tyburn Riot Against the Surgeons” Porter,
The Great Fire of London
, 87–90; and Tinnisword,
By Permission of Heaven
, 163–168.

24
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II,
vol. 6
(1666–1667), 175. Cited in Dolan, “Ashes and the ‘Archive,'” 392. See also Bedloe,
Narrative and Impartial Discovery
, 1–19.

25
Oldenburg to Boyle, 10 September 1666.

26
Jardine,
On a Grander Scale
, 239–247.

27
See ibid., 263.

28
Of course these early automata were not intended to actually create artificial life through machinery as much as they were meant to represent visually the mechanistic functions underlying biological processes.

29
“Machine surprenante de l'homme artificiel du sieur Reyselius,”
Journal des sçavans
, December 20, 1677: 252.

30
“Statua humana circulatoria,”
Journal des sçavans
, November 21, 1683: 317.

31
Hollis,
London Rising
, 142.

CHAPTER 5: PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS

1
After the fire the Royal Society had been obliged to move to a new home at Arundel after the city had commandeered Gresham College for its own postfire administrative needs. It was at Arundel Place that this experiment was performed.

2
D. C. Martin, “Former Homes of the Royal Society,” 13.

3
Philosophical Transactions
, November 19, 1666: 352.

4
Hall, “Oldenburg and the Art of Scientific Communication,” 288.

5
Hall,
Henry Oldenburg
, 80.

6
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 155; Justel to Oldenburg, 26 May 1666.

7
Language barriers frequently posed challenges for scientific communication between France and England. While periodicals such as the
Philosophical Transactions
and the
Journal des sçavans
were published in the vernacular, many natural philosophers continued to write in Latin as a way to ensure the broadest and most scholarly reach for their works. Still, Latin itself had not proved helpful in facilitating face-to-face communication. As the ever-frank Sorbière remarked in 1663, the English “speak Latin with such an Accent and Way of Pronunciation that they are as hard to be understood, as if they spoke their own language”—a
critique that was shared, no doubt, by the English themselves about their French interlocutors. Sorbière,
A Voyage to England
(1709), 38.

8
Denis to Oldenburg, 22 June 1668.

9
Modern-day Paris has only two islands: the Île de la Cité and the Île Saint-Louis. Earlier islands have either disappeared or were annexed by these two main islands.

10
Brugmans,
Séjour de Christian Huygens
, 26.

11
Denis was married on October 3, 1666. We know very little about his wife. See Peuméry,
Jean Denis
, 9.

12
Denis,
Relation curieuse d'une fontaine
, 349.

13
Brockliss and Jones,
Medical World
, 86–90.

14
Cited in Jones, “Medicalisation,” 61.

15
Brockliss and Jones,
Medical World
, 142.

16
Cited in ibid., 140.

17
Ibid., 141.

18
In 1663 Gui-Crescent Fagon made still another plea for circulation. In his thesis
An sanguine impulsum cor salit? Aff.
(Does the heart beat from a pulsation of the blood? Affirmative), in an original assertion, he argued that fetuses first developed hearts rather than livers, as had long been believed. The faculty conceded this point, but full acceptance of circulation was far from forthcoming. See Roger,
The Life Sciences
, 30–31.

19
“Extrait du Journal d'Angleterre contentant la manière passer le sang d'un animal dans un autre,”
Journal des sçavans
, January 31, 1667: 31–36.

20
Denis,
Journal des sçavans
, March 9, 1667: 69–72.

21
Ibid., 71.

22
Ibid.

23
Ibid., 72.

24
Oldenburg to Boyle, 10 June 1663.

CHAPTER 6: NOBLE AMBITIONS

1
See Schechner, “Material Culture,” 189–222. Nicolas de Blegny's guide to Parisian luxury goods emphasizes the Quai de l'Horloge as a premier destination for scientific instruments and also confirms presence of the
fish vendors on the riverbanks below (
Livre commode des addresses de Paris,
1671). Jean-Dominique Augarde offers more details, including addresses, of the shops selling scientific instruments on the quai in the late seventeenth century (“La Fabrication des instruments scientifiques,” 60–61).

2
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, chap. 4, and Turner,
Early Scientific Instruments
, 183.

3
Blegny,
Livre Commode
, 149, 295.

4
Turner,
Early Scientific Instruments
, 183.

5
Schechner, “Material Culture,” 209.

6
Ibid., 211.

7
Ibid., 212.

8
Ibid., 210–214; Turner,
Scientific Instruments
, 170, 175.

9
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 89.

10
DeJean,
Essence of Style
, 124–126.

11
Now Canada.

12
Chocolate was not only for dessert; it also had medicinal purposes. Physicians to these noble families had begun prescribing regular doses of cocoa syrup for coughs, sore throats, and heartburn—which made chocolate an ideal after-dinner digestif. See Blegny,
Le Bon usage du thé, du caffé
.

13
DeJean,
Essence of Style
, 135.

14
See Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, and Delorme, “Un Cartésien ami.”

15
Lennon,
The Battle of the Gods and Giants
, 7.

16
Ibid., 9.

17
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 68.

18
Taton, “Huygens et l'Académie royale des sciences,” 57.

19
Van Helden, “Saturn and His Anses,” 107.

20
Andriesse,
Huygens
, 122–123.

21
Van Helden, “Saturn and His Anses,” 111.

22
The original anagram can be found in Huygens,
Oeuvres completes,
vol. 15, 177. See also Howard, “Rings and Anagrams: Huygens System of Saturn,” 485.

23
Chapelain, letter no. 304, June 23, 1565.

24
Van Helden, “Telescope in the Seventeenth Century,” 43; Westfall, “Henri-Louis de Montmor.”

CHAPTER 7: “HOW HIGH WILL HE NOT CLIMB?”

1
Madame de La Fayette,
Princesse de Clèves
, 41.

2
Astier, “Louis XIV,” 74.

3
Motteville,
Memoirs
, vol. 2, 47.

4
Ranum,
Paris in the Age of Absolutism
, 276.

5
Kettering,
French Society
, 193–194.

6
Ranum,
Paris in the Age of Absolutism
, 331.

7
Ibid., 332; La Fontaine, “À M. de Maucroix. Relation d'une fête donnée à Vaux. 22 août 1661” La Fontaine, “À M. de Maucroix. Ce samedi matin, septembre 1661,”
Oeuvres diverses de la fontaine
, 180.

8
La Fontaine, “À M. de Maucroix,” 22 August 1661.

9
Le Nord
was an appellation that Madame de Sévigné gave Colbert following her failed attempts to engage him in her large social circles.

10
Trout,
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
, 40.

11
For details of Louis' weeks-long coordination of Fouquet's eventual arrest, see Dessert,
Fouquet
, 231–262.

12
Madame de Sévigné, “Lettre à Pomponne,” 24 November 1664.

13
Montclos,
Vaux Le Vicomte
, 147, and Voltaire,
Le Siècle de Louis XIV,
chap. 25, 277–279.

14
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 77, 86.

15
“Discours sceptique en faveur des bêtes et du gouvernement despotique,”
Les Mémoires de l'Abbe de Marolles,
n.p. See Morize, “Samuel Sorbière (1610–1670),” 241.

16
Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 186.

17
Without strict regulations, Sorbière wrote to Hobbes, “I fear that what happens to our Montmorian Academy…will come to confirm your political theories, and that the less we achieve in natural sciences, the more we prove, by actual practice, the complete truth of your most subtle elements of political philosophy.” Sorbière to Hobbes, 12 May 1661, Hobbes,
Correspondence
, vol. 2, 896. See also Adkins, “The Montmor Discourse.”

18
Sorbière's bylaws for the Montmor Academy are reprinted in Bigourdan,
Premières sociétés savantes
, 13–14.

19
Sorbière's speech of 1663 to the Montmor Academy is reprinted in ibid., 14–20.

20
Ibid., 15.

21
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 133.

22
Madame de Sévigné, “Lettre à Pomponne,” 18 December 1664.

23
Collas,
Jean Chapelain
, 361–369.

24
Collas,
Jean Chapelain
, 383–388.

25
Sturdy,
Science and Social Status
, 74–75.

26
Hahn, “Changing Patterns,” 407.

27
Brown,
Scientific Organizations
, 133; Huygens,
Oeuvres complètes
, vol. 5, 70.

CHAPTER 8: THE KING'S LIBRARY

1
Senior, “The Menagerie,” 210.

2
Kalof,
Looking at Animals
, 122.

3
Lister, cited in Stroup,
A Company of Scientists
, 41.

4
Brockliss, “Medical Teaching,” 247, and Brockliss, “University of Paris,” 230.

5
Perrault,
Memoirs of My Life
, 20–30.