Blood at the Root: A Racial Cleansing in America (41 page)

188
  
By the early 1930s
: Interview with Mattie Daniel, February 23, 2014; Directory of the City of Detroit, 1930,
U.S. City Directories, 1821–1989
, Ancestry .com, accessed November 13, 2015; 1940 U. S. Census, Detroit, Wayne, Michigan; roll T627_1839; p. 9B; Enumeration District 84-25.

189
  
“the sound of a hammer”
: Kenneth Stahl, “The Great Rebellion: A Socioeconomic Analysis of the 1967 Detroit Riot,” http://www.detroits-greatrebellion.com/The-Road-to-67-.html, accessed October 1, 2015.

189
  
“like sleeping on a volcano”
: Laura Arnold, as quoted in Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore,
Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 132.

190
  
“ever talked too much about”
: Interview with Mattie Daniel, February 23, 2014.

190
  
The African American population of the city
: Campbell Gibson,
Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990
(Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division, Working Paper 27, 1998).

191
  
168 black families:
“The 1943 Detroit Race Riots,”
Detroit News
online, February 10, 1999, http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/1999/02/10/the-1943-detroit-race-riots/; accessed February 27, 2015.

192
  
“I’d rather see Hitler”
: Ibid.

192
  
“the Belle Isle Bridge”
: Ibid.

192
  
thirty-four confirmed killings
: Ibid.

193
  
“We hope for better things”
: Ibid.

193
  
“Klan-ridden regime”
: Gilbert King,
Devil in the Grove
(Harper, 2013), 262.

193
  
“Before God, friend”
:
Rome News-Tribune
(GA), August 2, 1942.

193
  
“I was told stories”
: Interview with Helen Matthews Lewis by Jessie Wilkerson, May 28 2010 (U-0490). Southern Oral History Program Collection 4007, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

194
  
“My father came home”
: Ibid.

194
  
“When I was in school”
: Ibid.

195
  
“used them for flagstones”
: Ibid.

196
  
“we don’t allow niggers”
: “Cumming Deplores Racial Harassment,”
Atlanta Constitution
, May 8, 1968, 3.

196
  
“Wait until the night comes!”
: Stephen Tuck,
Beyond Atlanta: The Struggle for Racial Equality in Georgia
(Athens: University of Georgia, 2003), 242.

196
  
“sorry to read of it”
: “Cumming Deplores Racial Harassment,”
Atlanta Constitution
, May 8, 1968, 3.

197
  
“in traveling over the county”
: Garland C. Bagley,
History of Forsyth County
, vol. 2 (Milledgeville, GA: Boyd Publishing, 1990), 614.

197
  
“people of the county”
: Ruth Mae Jordan Berry, handwritten account, November 1980.

197
  
“As they grew older”
: Bagley,
History
, 614.

CHAPTER 16: THE ATTEMPTED MURDER OF MIGUEL MARCELLI

198
  
since they were children
: Interview with Deidre Brown-Stewart, October 25, 2014.

200
  
Sophisticated Data Research
: “Gunshot Victim Returns for March,”
Gainesville Times
, January 23, 1987, 10A.

201
  
“spent much of Saturday drinking”
: “Trial Hears 2nd Witness in Forsyth,”
Gainesville Times
, November 18, 1980, 12A.

202
  
“We talked about shooting”
: “Forsyth Jury Convicts Crowe in Shooting Here,”
Forsyth County News
, November 25, 1980.

202
  
“looking at me with a mean face”
: “Forsyth Shooting Trial in Third Day,”
Gainesville Times
, November 19, 1980, 14A.

203
  
“I felt a great weakness”
: Ibid.

203
  
“a group of men”
: “Gunshot Victim Returns for March,”
Gainesville Times
, January 23, 1987, 10A.

203
  
“an extremely distraught black woman”
: “Trial Hears 2nd Witness in Forsyth,”
Gainesville Times
, November 18, 1980, 12A.

203
  
“Would you help me?”
: Ibid.

203
  
“There’s nothing more I can do here”
: “Forsyth Shooting Trial in Third Day,”
Gainesville Times
, November 19, 1980, 14A.

204
  
“I think I killed the black son of a bitch”
: Ibid.

204
  
“I’m not telling”
: Ibid.

204
  
“I’ll get burned out”
: Ibid.

205
  
“I was scared”
: “Forsyth Jury Finds Man Guilty of Assaulting Black,”
Gainesville Times
, November 20, 1980.

205
  
“a .38 caliber bullet”
: “Trial Hears 2nd Witness in Forsyth,”
Gainesville Times
, November 18, 1980, 12A.

206
  
“Twelve men and women”
: “A Myth Exploded in Forsyth County,”
Gainesville Times
, November 21, 1980, 4A.

206
  
“it is simply a happenstance”
: “Lily-White Forsyth Looks Ahead—Racial Change Is Blowing in the Wind,”
Atlanta Journal
, November 8, 1977.

CHAPTER 17: THE BROTHERHOOD MARCH, 1987

207
  
A twenty-three-year-old African American man
: “A Racial Attack That, Years Later, Is Still Being Felt,”
New York Times
, December 18, 2011.

207
  
“Overcoming fear”
: “March,”
Gainesville Times
, January 15, 1987, 10A.

208
  
“only one minister”
: “Proposed ‘Walk for Brotherhood’ Is Cancelled,”
Forsyth County News
, January 11, 1987.

209
  
“Chuck was talking about”
: “Couple Hopes to Revive March,”
Forsyth County News
, January 14, 1987.

209
  
“I got a thirty-aught-six bullet”
: “Racist Threats Fail to Break Efforts for a Freedom March
,” New York Times
, January 11, 1987.

209
  “
the threats . . . were much more violent
”: “Proposed ‘Walk for Brotherhood’ Is Cancelled,”
Forsyth County News
, January 11, 1987.

210
  
“After Saturday . . . you’re dead”
: “Racist Threats Fail to Break Efforts for a Freedom March,”
New York Times
, January 11, 1987.

210
  
“five Mexican construction workers”
: “Racists Rout Brotherhood March,”
Bangor News
, January 19, 1987, 11.

210
  
“By the time this newspaper is printed”
: “Let’s Get on to Better Things,”
Forsyth County News
, January 18, 1987.

211
  
“We do not condone needless efforts”
: “The Right to Demonstrate,”
Gainesville Times
, January 16, 1987.

212
  
“We are protesting against racemixers”
: Plaintiff’s Exhibit 61,
Hosea Williams v. Southern White Nights of the Ku Klux Klan
, District Court of the Northern Division of Georgia, March 24, 1987.

212
  
more than twenty-five hundred whites gathered
: “Mob of 2,500 Racists Attacks 75 Marchers,”
Gainesville Times
, January 18, 1987.

213
  
“most of the demonstrators”
: “Klan Supporters Hold Own ‘March.’ ”
Forsyth County News
, January 18, 1987, 3

213
  
“Go home, niggers!”
: “White Protestors Disrupt ‘Walk for Brotherhood’ in Georgia Town,”
New York Times
, January 18, 1987, 24.

213
  
the 1958 bombing of Bethel Baptist Church
: Diane McWhorter,
Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama; The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 133–35.

214
  
“we don’t want niggers”
: “Klan Supporters Hold Own ‘March,’ ”
Forsyth County News
, January 18, 1987.

214
  
the parking lot of Jim Wallace’s gas station
: “Klan Supporters Hold Own ‘March,’ ”
Forsyth County News
, January 18, 1987.

215
  
“as the thing began to swell”
: “Terror in Forsyth,”
Gainesville Times
, January 18, 1987, 2B.

216
  
“People from Forsyth”
: “Walk,”
Forsyth County News
, January 18, 1987, 3A.

218
  
had only seventy men
:
Hosea Williams v. Southern White Nights of the Ku Klux Klan
, District Court of the Northern Division of Georgia, March 24, 1987, Civil Action C87-565A.

218
  
Only a few hundred yards
: “Police Admit We Lost Control,”
Gainesville Times
, January 18, 1987, 2B.

218
  
“a friendly white neighbor”
: Peter Levy, ed.,
The Civil Rights Movement in America
(Santa Barbara: Greenwood / ABL-CLIO, 2015), 338.