Between Giants (65 page)
Authors: Prit Buttar
Tags: #Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II
| Brigadeführer | SS rank equivalent to brigadier |
| Feldwebel | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to staff sergeant |
| Gefreiter | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lance-corporal |
| Generalfeldmarschall | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to field marshal |
| Generalkommissar | senior rank in German occupation administration |
| Generalleutnant | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to major-general |
| Generalmajor | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to brigadier |
| Generaloberst | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to general |
| Gruppenführer | SS rank quivalent to major general |
| Hauptmann | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to captain |
| Hauptscharführer | SS rank equivalent to company sergeant-major |
| Hauptsturmführer | SS rank equivalent to captain |
| Kapitänleutnant | Kriegsmarine rank equivalent to lieutenant |
| Leutnant | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to 2nd lieutenant |
| Major | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to major |
| Oberfeldwebel | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to company sergeant-major |
| Obergruppenführer | SS rank equivalent to lieutenant general |
| Oberleutnant | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lieutenant |
| Oberst | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to colonel |
| Oberstleutnant | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to lieutenant colonel |
| Obersturmbannführer | SS rank equivalent to lieutenant colonel |
| Rittmeister | Wehrmacht (originally cavalry) rank equivalent to captain |
| Rottenführer | SS rank equivalent to corporal |
| Stabsfeldwebel | Wehrmacht rank equivalent to regimental sergeant-major |
| Standartenführer | SS rank equivalent to colonel |
| Sturmbannführer | SS rank equivalent to major |
| Unterscharführer | SS rank equivalent to sergeant |
| Untersturmführer | SS rank equivalent to 2nd lieutenant |
| AK | Armia Krajowa (‘home army’), the Polish resistance army supported by the Western Powers |
| AOK | Armee Oberkommando (Army High Command), e.g. AOK Ostpreussen |
| BDO | Bund Deutscher Offiziere (League of German Officers) |
| EVR | Eesti Vabariigi Rahvuskomitee (Estonian Republic National Committee) |
| FPO | Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (United Partisans Organisation) |
| GPU | Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie (State Political Directorate), Soviet, a part of the NKVD |
| HKP | Heeres Kraftfahr Park (Army Freight Vehicle Pool), German |
| HSSPf | Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer (senior SS and police commander), German |
| LAF | Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas (Lithuanian Activist Front) |
| LCP | Latvijas Centrālā Padome (Latvian Central Committee) |
| LKNS | Latviju Kareivju Nacionālā Savienība (National Federation of Latvian Fighters) |
| LLA | Lietuvos Laisvės Armija (Lithuanian Freedom Army) |
| LLKS | Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdis (Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters) |
| LVR | Lietuvos Vietinė Rinktinė (Lithuanian Defence Force) |
| NKFD | Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland (National Committee for a Free Germany) |
| NKVD | Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), the Soviet Secret Police |
| OKH | Oberkommando des Heeres (German Army High Command) |
| OKW | Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Wehrmacht High Command) |
| RHSA | Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Administration), German |
| RVL | Relvastadud Voitluse Liit (Armed Resistance League), Estonian |
| SA | Sturmabteilung (Storm Detachment), German, the pre-war paramilitary wing of the National Socialist Party |
| SD | Sicherheitsdienst (Security Administration), German |
| STAVKA | Soviet High Command |
| TAR | Tevynes Apsaugas Rinktine (Fatherland Defence Force), Lithuanian |
| TDA | Tautos Darbo Apsauga (National Labour Service Battalion), Lithuanian |
| Abwehr | the German military intelligence branch |
| Auftragstaktik | military concept centered on achievement of a mission, which allowed junior officers to take decisions, in contrast to older, more rigid command and control systems |
| Freikorps | volunteer military organisations assembled from former German army personnel in the Baltic States and Germany in the aftermath of the First World War |
| Judenrat | lit. ‘Jewish council’, the Jewish administrative body responsible for organising the Jewish communities in the occupied territories |
| Komjautnatne | Latvian youth organisation |
| Komsomol | Soviet youth organisation |
| Ostministerium | Common abbreviation for the Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete (‘Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories’) |
| Omakaitse | Originally the Estonian ‘Home Guard’ after the First World War; re-established as a militia group after the German invasion in 1941 |
| Pērkonkrusts | lit. ‘Thunder Cross’, a Latvian extreme nationalist group, with links to the RSHA and to Einsatzgruppe A |
| SS-Führungshauptamt | the headquarters of the non-combat elements of the SS, based in Berlin |
Introduction
1
. Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R. (1993)
The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990
, London: Hurst, p.6
2
. Henry Nevinson, quoted in Eksteins M. (1999)
Walking Since Daybreak
, New York: Mariner, pp.42–43
3
. Bleiere, D., Butulis, I., Zunda, A., Stranga, A., Feldmanis, I. (2006),
History of Latvia: the 20th Century,
Riga: Jumava, p.68
4
. Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, O. (1920)
In the World War,
New York and London: Harper & Brothers, pp.245–46
5
. Davies, N. (2003)
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20,
London: Pimlico
6
. Volkogonov, D. (1994)
Lenin: Life and Legacy
, London: Harper Collins, p.482
7
. Naumann, F. (1915)
Mitteleuropa
, Berlin: Georg Reimer
8
. Madajczyk, C. (1961)
Generalna Gubernia w planach hitlerowskich. Studia
, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, pp.88–89
9
. Lower, W. (2009)
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History
, New York: Berghahn, p.301
10
. See Erichsen, C., Olusoga, D. (2010)
The Kaiser’s Holocaust: Germany’s Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism
, London: Faber & Faber
11
. Holborn, H. (1969)
A History of Modern Germany
, New York: Knopf, p.429
12
. Eidintas, A., (1997)
Restoration of the State
, in Eidintas, A., Žalys, V., Senn, A.
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic 1918–1940
, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp.220–21
13
. Davies, N. p.50
14
. President Wilson’s Message to Congress, January 8, 1918; Records of the United States Senate; Record Group 46
Chapter 1
1
. Emelianov, Y. (2007)
Priybaltika: Mezhdoo Stalinim I Hitlerom
, Moscow: Izdatel’ Bystrov, p.157
2
. Emelianov, p.158
3
. Nekrich, A., Ulam, A., Freeze, G. (1997)
Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941
, New York: Columbia University Press, p.110
4
. Sebag Montefiore, S. (2004)
Stalin, The Court of the Red Czar
, London: Vintage, p.40
5
. Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, p.310
6
. Resis, A. (2000) ‘The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’ in
Europe-Asia Studies 52 (1)
, p.35
7
. Emelianov, p.161
8
. Emelianov, p.163
9
. Sebag Montefiore, p.314
10
. Emelianov, p.165
11
. Quoted in Sebag Montefiore, p.318
12
. Halder, F.,
Diaries
, Imperial War Museum, 22 August 1939
13
.
USSR DVP
, 22/1, p.632
14
.
Lietuvos Okupacija ir Aneksija 1939–40
(1993), Vilnius: Mintis, p.65
15
.
Eesti NSV Ajalugui
III (1971), Tallinn, p.365
16
. Sebag Montefiore, p.321
17
. Hiden, J., Salmon, P. (1994)
The Baltic Nations and Europe
(revised edn), Harlow: Longman, p.110
18
. Tarauskas, E. (1990)
Lietuvos Nepriklausomybės Netenkant
, Kaunas: Sviesa, p.74
19
. Urbšys, J. (1990)
Atsiminimai
, Kaunas: Spindulys, quoted in Senn, A. (2007)
Lithuania 1940, Revolution from Above
, New York: Rodopi, p.17
20
. Senn, p.18
21
. Senn, p.20
22
. The Winter War was fought between Finland and the Soviet Union between November 1939 and March 1940 in the narrow neck of land to the north and west of Leningrad.
23
. Myllyniemi, S. (1979)
Die Baltische Krise 1938–41
, Stuttgart: Deutsche, pp.114–17
24
. Felder, B. (2009)
Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg
, Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, p.45
25
. Zotov’s telegrams form part (Reel 1, Container 1) of the Volkogonov Collection of the US Library of Congress
26
. Quoted in Felder (2009), p.44
27
. Felder (2009), p.79
28
. Nollendorfs, V. (2005)
Battle for the Baltic. Yearbook of the Museum of the Occupation of Latvia 2004
, Riga, p.162
29
. Štiemanis, J. (2002)
History of the Latvian Jews
, New York: East European Monographs, p.115
30
. Komplektov, G. (1990)
Polpredy Soobshchaiut
, Moscow: Meshdunarodnye Otnosheniia, p.140
31
. Rudis, G., quoted in Senn, p.74
32
. Emelianov, p.167
33
. Senn, p.97
34
. Misiunas, R., Taagepera, R. (1993)
The Baltic States – Years of Dependence 1940–1990
, London: Hurst, p.201
35
. Senn, pp.106–07
36
. Felder (2009), p.32
37
.
Brīvā Zeme
, 17/6/40
38
. NKVD Report of 25/10/40 in Latvijas Valsts Arhīvs, Riga, PA-101/1/35, 3
39
. Lejiņš, J. (1971)
Mana Dzimtene: Atmiņu un Pārdomu Atspulgā
, Vasteras: ICA bokförlag, p.180
40
. Misiunas and Taagepera, p.21
41
.
Third Interim Report of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression
, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session, Washington 1954, p.458
42
. Misiunas and Taagepera, pp.28–29
43
. Uustalu, E. (1952)
The History of the Estonian People
, London: Boreas, p.242
44
. Nicholas, L. (2006)
Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web
, New York: Vintage, pp.194–205
45
.
Third Interim Report
, p.471
46
. Latvijas Valsts Arhīvs, PA-101/2/32, 35
47
. Hoover Institution of War, Peace and Revolution Archive, Stanford, 89/18/1
48
. Felder (2009), p.162
49
. Misiunas and Taagepera, p.42
50
. Felder (2009), pp.158–59, Misiunas and Taagepera, p.43
51
. Pakalniškis, A. (1980)
Plungė
, Chicago: Spaudė M. Morkūno spaustuvė, p.45
52
. Kuromiya, H., Pepłoński, A. (2009)
Między Warszawą a Tokio
, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, pp.470–85
53
. Swain, G. (2004)
Between Stalin and Hitler
, London: Routledge, p.28
Chapter 2
1
. Cecil, R. (1972)
The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology
, New York: Dodd Mead, pp.42–43