At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (55 page)

15.
OBP
, Jan. 17–20, 1750, 30, Dec. 7–12, 1743, 82, Jan. 12, 1733, 45; B.,
Discolliminium: or a Most Obedient Reply to a Late Book ...
(London, 1650).

16.
William Keatinge Clay, ed.,
Private Prayers, Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth
(Cambridge, 1851), 444; Sir Edward Coke,
The Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England ...
(1628; rpt. edn., New York, 1979), 63; Sir William Blackstone,
Commentaries on the Laws of England
, ed. William Draper Lewis (Phildadelphia, 1902), IV, 1615; Beattie,
Crime
, 163–165.

17.
Head,
Canting Academy
, 179; Eric Partridge, ed.,
A Dictionary of the Underworld
(Ware, Eng., 1989), 43, 469; John Poulter,
The Discoveries of John Poulter
(London, 1753), 43; Jan. 30, 1665, Pepys,
Diary
, VI, 25.

18.
OBP
, Jan. 16, 1734, 55; Beattie,
Crime
, 163;
WJ
, July 20, 1728.

19.
July 11, 1664, Pepys,
Diary
, V, 201;
Hanging Not Punishment Enough, for Murtherers, High-way Men, and House-Breakers
(London, 1701), 6.

20.
OBP
, Dec. 10–13, 1707;
Select Trials
, I, 306; Michel Porret,
Le Crime et ses Circonstances: De l’Esprit de l’Arbitraire au Siècle des Lumières selon les Réquisitoires des Procureurs Genève
(Geneva, 1995), 258; Beattie,
Crime
, 164–165.

21.
Mill,
A Nights Search: Discovering the Nature and Condition of all Sorts of Night-Walkers ...
(London, 1639); Awnsham Churchill, comp.,
A Collection of Voyages and Travels ...
(London, 1746), VI, 726; Beattie,
Crime
, 161–167; Sharpe,
Seventeenth-Century Crime
, 107;
A New Journey to France
(London, 1715), 85; Henry Swinburne,
Travels Through Spain, in the Years 1775 and 1776 ...
(London, 1779), I, 348–350.

22.
John L. McMullan,
The Canting Crew: London’s Criminal Underworld, 1550–1700
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1984), 162;
A Warning for House-Keepers . . .
(London, 1676), 4; Heywood,
Diaries
, III, 206; Cynthia B. Herrup,
The Common Peace: Participation and the Criminal Law in Seventeenth-Century England
(Cambridge, 1987), 27, 30–31, 170–171; Ruff,
Violence
, 221–224; George Huppert,
After the Black Death: A Social History of Early Modern Europe
(Bloomington, Ind., 1986), 107–109.

23.
Florike Egmond,
Underworlds: Organized Crime in the Netherlands 1650–1800
(Cambridge, 1993), 33, 188–191; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 222; Ruff,
Violence
, 221; Albrecht Keller, ed.,
A Hangman’s Diary: Being the Journal of Master Franz Schmidt, Public Executioner of Nuremberg, 1573–1617
, trans. C. V. Calvert and A. W. Gruner (Montclair, N.J., 1973), 130.

24.
Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan, “Potere Politico e Spazio Sociale: It Controllo Della Notte a Venezia nei Secoli XIII–XV,” in Mario Sbriccoli, ed.,
La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna
(Florence, 1991), 48; Daniel Defoe,
Street-Robberies Consider’d ...
(1728; rpt. edn., Stockton, N.J., 1973), 68; Alan Williams,
The Police of Paris, 1718–1789
(Baton Rouge, 1979), 287.

25.
Dekker,
Writings
, 193;
The Confession &c. of Thomas Mount ...
(Portsmouth, N.H., [1791?]), 19;
Select Trials
, II, 236; Charles Dorrington, Feb. 10, 1764, Assi 45/27/2/125;
OBP
, Jan. 15–19, 1742, 31, Sept. 6, 1732, 188;
Select Trials
, I, 303.

26.
John Nelson, Aug. 25, 1738, Assi 45/21/3/126.

27.
OBP
, May 15–17, 1746, 149.

28.
OBP
, June 28–July 2, 1744, 159, Apr. 25–30, 1750, 68, July 11–14, 1750, 87; Macfarlane,
Justice and the Mare’s Ale
, 132;
OBP
, Dec. 5–10, 1744, 7, Dec. 5–10, 1744, 142.

29.
OBP
, Oct. 17–19, 1744, 257, Aug. 30, 1727, 4.

30.
Lavater,
Spirites
, 22; Jeannine Blackwell and Susanne Zantop, eds.,
Bitter Healing: German Women Writers from 1700 to 1830: An Anthology
(Lincoln, Neb., 1990), 60; Brand 1848, II, 314; Danker, “Bandits,” 88. See also Taillepied,
Ghosts
, 31.

31.
Crusius,
Nocte
, ch. 11.9; Keller, ed.,
Hangman’s Diary
, trans. Calvert and Gruner, 110; Brand 1848, I, 312, III, 278–279; Marjorie Rowling,
The Folklore of the Lake District
(Totowa, N.J., 1976), 26; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 94–95. See also Bargellini, “Vita Notturna,” 84; John McManners,
Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France
(Oxford, 1999), II, 232.

32.
Karl Wegert,
Popular Culture, Crime, and Social Control in 18
th
Century Württemberg
(Stuttgart, 1994), 101; Keller, ed.,
Hangman’s Diary
, trans. Calvert and Gruner, 112–113; Brand 1848, I, 312;
Times
(London), July 3, 1790.

33.
Torriano,
Proverbi
, 171.

34.
Pinkerton,
Travels
, II, 565; Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan,
Venice
Triumphant: The Horizons of a Myth
, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Baltimore, 2002), 161; Ruff,
Violence
, 120–121.

35.
Alessandro Falassi,
Folklore by the Fireside: Text and Context of the Tuscan Veglia
(Austin, 1980), 6; J. Mitchell and M.D.R. Leys,
A History of London Life
(London, 1958), 73; Claude Fouret, “Douai au XVIe Siècle: Une Sociabilté de l’Agression,”
Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine
34 (1987), 9–10; Robert Muchembled, “La Violence et la Nuit sous l’Ancien Régime,”
Ethnologie Francaise
21 (1991), 237; Rudy Chaulet, “La Violence en Castille au XVIIe Siècle,”
Crime, Histoire & Sociâetâes
1 (1997), 14–16. See also Barbara A. Hanawalt, “Violent Death in Fourteenth- and Early Fifteenth-Century England,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
18 (1976), 305, 319.

36.
J. R. Hale, ed.,
The Travel Journal of Antonio de Beatis ...
, trans. J. R. Hale and J.M.A. Lindon (London, 1979), 82; James Casey,
The Kingdom of Valencia in the Seventeenth Century
(Cambridge, 1979), 212; Moryson,
Unpublished Itinerary
, 463, 163; Cleone Knox,
The Diary of a Young Lady of Fashion in the Year 1764–1765
(New York, 1926), 220; Ménétra,
Journal
, 86; S. Johnson,
London: A Poem ...
(London, 1739), 17; James Hervey,
Meditations and Contemplations
(New York, 1848), II, 33; J.S. Cockburn, “Patterns of Violence in English Society: Homicide in Kent, 1560–1985,”
PP
103 (1991), 86; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 141.

37.
Dec. 21, 1494, Luca Landucci, ed.,
A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516 .
..
, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (1927; rpt. edn., Freeport, N.Y., 1971), 77; Remarks 1717, 238, 241; Ruff,
Violence
, 75–76; Jonathan Walker, “
Bravi
and Venetian Nobles, C. 1550–1650,”
Studi Veneziani
36 (1998), 85–113.

38.
Aug. 18, 1692, Wood,
Life
, V, 398; G. C. Faber,
The Poetical Works of John Gay ...
(London, 1926), 81; Robert Shoemaker, “Male Honour and the Decline of Public Violence in Eighteenth-Century London,”
SH
26 (2001), 190–208.

39.
The Rules of Civility
(London, 1685), 114–115, passim; Norbert Elias,
The Civilizing Process: The Development of Manners ...
, trans. Edmond Jephcott, 2 vols. (New York, 1978–1982); Ruff,
Violence
, 7–8; Penelope Corfield, “Walking the City Streets: The Urban Odyssey in Eighteenth-Century England,”
JUH
16 (1990), 132–174; Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg, eds.,
A Cultural History of Gesture
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), passim.

40.
Sir Thomas Overbury,
His Wife
(London, 1622); Feb. 8, 1660, Pepys,
Diary
, I, 46; Schindler, “Youthful Culture,” 275; Thomas Bell, May 2, 1666,
York Depositions
, 142;
WJ
, Mar. 23, 1723.

41.
Richard A. Page and Martin K. Moss, “Environmental Influences on Aggression: The Effects of Darkness and Proximity of Victim,”
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
6 (1976), 126–133.

42.
Francis Lenton,
Characterismi: or, Lentons Leasures ...
(London, 1631); Robert E. Thayer,
The Origin of Everyday Moods: Managing Energy, Tension, and Stress
(New York, 1996), passim.

43.
Carolyn Pouncy, ed.,
The “Domostroi”: Rules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1994), 81; Arne Jansson,
From Swords to Sorrow: Homicide and Suicide in Early Modern Stockholm
(Stockholm, 1998), 125.

44.
F. G. Emmison, ed.,
Elizabethan Life: Disorder; Mainly from Essex Sessions and Assize Records
(Chelmsford, Eng., 1970), 206; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 133; Ruff,
Violence
, 126; Muchembled,
Violence
, 31–32.

45.
Francis Henderson, June 11, 1777, Assi 45/33/1/14a;
Plain Advice to Hard-Drinkers
... (London, 1796), 10; Pieter Spierenburg, “Knife Fighting and Popular Codes of Honor in Early Modern Amsterdam,” in Pieter Spierenburg, ed.,
Men and Violence: Gender, Honor, and Rituals in Modern Europe and America
(Columbus, Ohio, 1998), 109; Julius R. Ruff,
Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696–1789
(London, 1984), 80–81.

46.
Dietz,
Surgeon
, 194; Johnson,
London
, 17; Muchembled,
Violence
, 32; Beattie,
Crime
, 93; Schindler,
Rebellion
, 215–216.

47.
Matthiessen,
Natten
, 96.

48.
“Palladio,”
Middlesex Journal, or, Chronicle of Liberty
(London), July 30, 1769; Shakespeare,
Othello
, I, 1, 75; William Davenant,
The Wits
(London, 1636); Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 15; Johan Goudsblom,
Fire and Civilization
(London, 1992), 144–145.

49.
James Gabriel Fyfe, ed.,
Scottish Diaries and Memoirs, 1550–1746
(Stirling, Scot., 1928), 259; Samuel H. Baron, ed. and trans.,
The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth Century Russia
(Stanford, Calif., 1967), 112; Penny Roberts, “Agencies Human and Divine: Fire in French Cities, 1520–1720,” in William G. Naphy and Penny Roberts, eds.,
Fear in Early Modern Society
(Manchester, 1997), 9.

50.
Stephen Porter, “Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries,”
Warwickshire History
3 (1976), 103, passim.

51.
Thomas,
Religion and the Decline of Magic
, 333; Mar. 16, 1701, Cowper, Diary; Matthiessen,
Natten
, 121–122.

52.
Sir Richard Blackmore,
Prince Arthur
(London, 1695), 190; E. L. Jones et al.,
A Gazetteer of English Urban Fire Disasters, 1500–1900
(Norwich, 1984).

53.
Roy Porter,
London, a Social History
(Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 85; Sept. 4, 1666, Evelyn,
Diary
, III, 454; Neil Hanson,
The Great Fire of London: In that Apocalyptic Year
(Hoboken, N.J., 2002).

54.
NYWJ
, Sept. 26, 1737;
SJC
, Aug. 4, 1785; Roberts, “Fire in French Cities,” 9–27.

55.
Mar. 30, 1760, “Stow, and John Gate’s Diary,”
Worcester Society of Antiquity Proceedings
(1898), 270; Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742
(Oxford, 1971), 55–63, 206–213, 364–372; Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776
(Oxford, 1971), 18, 100–105, 292–294.

56.
Ludwig Holberg,
Moral Reflections & Epistles
, ed. P. M. Mitchell (Norvik, Eng., 1991), 169; “The Diary of George Booth,”
Journal of the Chester and North Wales Architectural Archaeological and Historic Society
, New Ser., 28 (1928), 40; Enid Porter,
Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore
(New York, 1969), 205.

57.
John Bancroft,
The Tragedy of Sertonius
(London, 1679), 20. See also Benjamin Keach,
Spiritual Melody
(London, 1691), 28; Rowlands,
Night Raven
.

58.
Benjamin Franklin,
Writings
, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay, ed., (New York, 1987), 220–221; “Philanthropos,”
LEP
, Jan. 25, 1763; Carl Bridenbaugh,
Vexed and Troubled Englishmen
,
1590–1642
(New York, 1967), 144;
The Life and Errors of John Dunton ...
(London, 1818), II, 606.

59.
Paroimiographia
(English), 5; Thomas Tusser,
Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie
, eds. V. Payne and J. Sidney (London, 1878), 179; Jan. 13, 1669, Josselin,
Diary
, 545; Nov. 3, 1710, Raymond A. Anselment, ed.,
The Remembrances of Elizabeth Freke, 1671–1714
(London, 2001), 270; Mar. 22, 1683, J. E. Foster, ed.,
The Diary of Samuel Newton
(Cambridge, 1890), 84;
PG
, Feb. 18, 1729.