At Day's Close: Night in Times Past (52 page)

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——
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Pepys,
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——
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The Diary of Samuel Pepys
, ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews, 11 vols. (Berkeley, Calif., 1970–1983)

PG
——
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(Philadelphia)

Pinkerton,
Travels
——
John Pinkerton, ed.,
A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in all Parts of the World
... , 17 vols. (London, 1808–1814)

Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit”
——
Frédérique Pitou, “Jeunesse et Désorde Social: Les Coureurs de Nuit á Laval au XVIIIe Siècle,”
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47 (2000), 69–92

PL
——
Public Ledger
(London)

PL 27
——
Palatinate of Lancaster Depositions, Public Record Office, London

Pounds,
Culture
——
Norman John Greville Pounds,
The Culture of the English People: Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution
(Cambridge, 1994)

Pounds,
Home
——
Norman John Greville Pounds,
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PP
——
Past and Present

RB
——
William Chappell and J. W. Ebsworth, eds.,
The Roxburghe Ballads
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Remarks 1717
——
Remarks on Severall Parts of Flanders, Brabant, France, and Italy in the Yeare 1717, Boldleian Library, Oxford

Ripae,
Nocturno Tempore
——
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Consumption
——
Daniel Roche,
A History of Everyday Things: The Birth of Consumption in France, 1600–1800
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Ruff,
Violence
——
Julius R. Ruff,
Violence in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800
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Ryder,
Diary
——
William Matthews, ed.,
The Diary of Dudley Ryder, 1715–1716
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SAI
——
William Shaw Mason, comp.,
A Statistical Account, or Parochial Survey of Ireland, Drawn Up from the Communications of the Clergy
, 3 vols. (Dublin, 1814–1819)

Sanderson, Diary
——
Robert Sanderson Diary, St. John’s College, Cambridge

Sanger,
Journal
——
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SAS
——
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——
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A History of Young People in the West
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Rebellion
——
Norbert Schindler,
Rebellion, Community and Custom in Early Modern Germany,
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——
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——
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SH
——
Social History

SJC
——
St. James Chronicle
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SWA or LJ
——
Sussex Weekly-Advertiser: or, Lewes Journal

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Jonathan Swift,
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——
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——
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——
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——
Universal Magazine

US and WJ
——
Universal Spectator, and Weekly Journal
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Verdon,
Night
——
Jean Verdon,
Night in the Middle Ages
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VG
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Virginia Gazette
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WJ
——
Weekly Journal
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WMQ
——
William and Mary Quarterly

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WR or UJ
——
Weekly Register, or, Universal Journal
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PREFACE

1.
Tryon,
Wisdom’s Dictates: Or, Aphorisms & Rules .
. . (London, 1691), 68.

2.
Middleton,
A Mad World
, ... (London, 1608); Rousseau,
Emile: or On Education
, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), 133. Among the first in modern memory to note the lack of historical attention to night was George Steiner, who in 1978 observed, “To an extent often unnoticed by social historians, the great mass of mankind passed a major portion of its life in the varying shades of opacity between sundown and morning” (
A Reader
[New York, 1984], 351). Indeed, the subject of nighttime continues to be ignored in historical studies on all levels, from surveys of Western culture to academic monographs. Among the best accounts, despite its age and obscurity, is Matthiessen,
Natten
. Other early explorations included Maurice Bouteloup, “Le Travail de Nuit dans la Boulangerie” (Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris, 1909); A. Voisin, “Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV. Siècle: Dijon la Nuit,”
Annales de Bourgogne
9 (1937), 265–279; Bargellini, “Vita Notturna.” More recently, scholars have begun to probe selected aspects of nocturnal life, though night in its totality, in the form of a broad social or cultural history, has remained unexplored. See Elisabeth Pavan, “Recherches sur la Nuit Vénitienne à la Fin du Moyen Age,”
Journal of Medieval History
7 (1981), 339–356; Peter Reinhart Gleichmann, “Nacht und Zivilisation,” in Martin Caethge and Wolfgang Essbach, eds.,
Soziologie: Entdeckungen im Alltäghchen
(Frankfurt, 1983), 174–194; Silvia Mantini, “Per un’Immagine Della Notte fra Tercento e Quattrocento,”
Archivio Storico Italino
4 (1985), 565–594; Wolfgang Schivelbusch,
Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century
, trans. Angela Davies (Berkeley, Calif., 1988); Corinne Walker, “Esquisse Pour une Histoire de la Vie Nocturne: Genéve au XVIIIe Siècle,
Revue du Vieux Genève
19 (1989), 73–85; Piero Camporesi,
Bread of Dreams: Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Europe,
trans. David Gentilcore (Chicago, 1989), 92–102; Robert Muchembled, “La Violence et la Nuit sous l’Ancien Régime,”
Ethnologie Francaise
21 (1991), 237–242; Mario Sbriccoli, ed.,
La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna
(Florence, 1991); Janekovick-Römer, “Dubrovniks”; Joachim Schlör,
Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930,
trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998); Paul Griffiths “Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modern England,”
Seventeenth Century
13 (1998), 212–238; Bryan D. Palmer,
Cultures of Darkness: Night Travels in the Histories of Transgression
(New York, 2000); Pitou, “Coureurs de Nuit”; Schindler, “Youthful Culture”; Verdon,
Night
; Schindler,
Rebellion
; Koslofsky, “Court Culture.”

3.
G. C. Faber, ed.,
The Poetical Works of John Gay
... (London, 1926), 204; Edward Ward,
The Rambling Rakes, or, London Libertines
(London, 1700), 58; Christopher Sten, “‘When the Candle Went Out’: The Nighttime World of Huck Finn,”
Studies in American Fiction
9 (1981), 49. Of “season,” the Bible famously declares, “To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven” (
Ecclesiastes
III, 1).

4.
Michael McGrath, ed. and trans., C
innine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileabháin: The Diary of Humphrey O’Sullivan
, 4 vols. (London, 1936–1937); Émile Guillaumin,
The Life of a Simple Man
, ed. Eugen Weber, trans. Margaret Crosland (Hanover, N. H., 1983); Thomas Hardy,
Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman
(1891; rpt. edn., London, 1993), 18.

5.
Eugen Weber,
Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914
(Stanford, Calif., 1976), 419.

SHUTTING-IN

1.
Fletcher and Francis Beaumont,
Fifty Comedies and Tragedies
(London, 1679), 217.

2.
Lorus Johnson Milne and Margery Joan Milne,
The World of Night
(New York, 1956), 22; Thomas Hardy,
The Return of the Native
(1880; rpt. edn., London, 1993), 19; Nov. 5, 1830, Michael McGrath, ed.,
Cinnine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileabháin: The
Diary of Humphrey O’Sullivan
(London, 1936), II, 355–356; John Florio, comp.,
Queen Anna’s New World of Words, or Dictionarie of the Italian and English Tongues
(London, 1611), 79. Cries of the screech owl were traditionally thought to foretell death. Gilbert White,
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
(London, 1994), 142–143; Brand 1848, III, 209–210.

3.
Shakespeare,
The Merchant of Venice
, V, 1, 124, and
Measure for Measure,
IV, 1, 56–57.

PART ONE

PRELUDE

1.
Daniel Boorstin,
The Discoverers
(New York, 1983), 26.

2.
Edmund Burke,
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
(1757; rpt. edn., New York, 1971), 272–281; John Locke,
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975), 397–398.

3.
Juliette Favez-Boutonier,
L’Angoisse
(Paris, 1945), 134–150.