Anglomania (46 page)

3. G
OETHE’S
S
HAKESPEARE

I found examples of early variations of Shakespeare’s plays performed in Germany in Albert Cohn’s
Shakespeare in Germany in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
(London, 1865). I first came across the idea of German Shakespearomania in George Steiner’s
After Babel
(London, 1975). Goethe’s remarks on Shakespeare’s plays being like an animated fair are in his
Shakespeare und kein Ende
(Frankfurt, 1771). G. E. Lessing’s and A. W. Schlegel’s ideas on Shakespeare are quoted in Roy Pascal’s
Shakespeare in Germany
(Cambridge, 1937). P. Hume Brown’s
The Youth of Goethe
(London, 1913) is the source for Goethe’s early years in his detested Frankfurt. For Goethe’s biography I also consulted George Henry Lewes’s
The Life of Goethe
(London, 1875). Garrick’s waterlogged tribute to Shakespeare in Stratford is described in Helen R. Smith,
David Garrick, 17171779
(London, 1979). Johann Gottfried Herder’s
Erkennen und erfinden
, in which he describes Shakespeare as a Nordic genius, was published in 1778. The references to such figures as Justus Müser came from C. E. McClelland’s
The German Historians and England
(Cambridge, 1971). The famous Goethe and Shakespeare scholar I refer to twice is Friedrich Gundolf. His book on Shakespeare and the German
Geist
is entitled
Shakespeare und der deutsche Geist
(Berlin, 1927). A useful source on Shakespeare in the Third Reich is Alan E. Steinweiss’s
Art, Ideology, Economics in Nazi Germany
(London, 1995). Anyone interested in the politics of postwar Germany under Allied occupation should turn, as I did, to
Changing Enemies
(London, 1995), by Noel Annan.

4. F
INGAL’S
C
AVE

The first expedition to Staffa, including his own, are described by Barthélemy Foujas de Saint-Fond in his
Journey Through England and Scotland to the Hebrides
(London, 1799). Theodor Fontane’s musings on the Scottish Enlightenment, and his visit to Edinburgh in 1855, are in a collection of his journalism, published in East Berlin in 1979, entitled
Wanderungen durch England und Schottland
. Fontane’s work is among the best ever written by a foreign traveler to Britain. Mendelssohn’s reaction to Staffa is in his
Letters
(London, 1946). The story of Macpherson’s discovery of Ossian has been told often, most notably by Hugh Trevor-Roper in
The Invention of Tradition
(Cambridge, 1983), edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger. Trevor-Roper regards Macpherson’s work as a total fraud. More recent scholars, such as Nick Groom, have taken a more positive view. Queen Victoria’s marvelous descriptions of life at Balmoral are from her letters, published as
Leaves from the journal of our life in the Highlands
. There are several editions. One, edited by Arthur Phelps, was published in London in 1973. Another was published in Exeter in 1980, edited by David Duff. Life in Balmoral is described more objectively by Ronald William Clark in his
Balmoral, Queen Victoria’s Highland Home
(London, 1981) and by Ivor Brown in
Balmoral, the history of a home
(London, 1955).

5. T
HE
P
ARKOMANE

On eighteenth-century English gardens in general I consulted Tom Williamson’s
Polite Landscapes, Gardens and Sociey in Eighteenth Century England
(Stroud, 1995). For more specific information on Pückler’s own gardening ideas I read his
Andeutungen über Landschaftsgartnerei
(Stuttgart, 1834). For a historical assessment of his work, Ruth B. Emde and Winfried Herrmann,
Fürst Pückler und die Gartenbaukunst
(Dortmund, 1992) is invaluable. The park at Wörlitz has been described in many German publications. I looked at
Garten um Wörlitz
(Leipzig, 1994), by Reinhard Alex, and
Dessau-Wörlitz
(Munich, 1985), by Erhard Hirsch. Pückler’s sexual prowess is described with reverence by Hans Ostwald in
Das gallante Berlin
(Berlin, 1928). The third Earl of Shaftesbury’s theories are in
Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times
(London, 1718). The standard biography of Pückler, which I used extensively, is by Heinz Orff, entitled
Der Grüne Fürst: Das abenteuerliche Leben des Hermann Pückler-Muskau
(Munich, 1993). A selection from Pückler’s
Briefe eines Verstorbenen
(Munich, 1830) was translated by Flora Brennan, who published the book as
Pückler’s Progress: the adventures of Prince Pückler-Muskau in England, Wales, and Ireland as told in letters to his former wife, 1826–9
(London, 1987). I used three main sources for Tocqueville’s views on England: Tocqueville’s
Oeuvres
(B) (Paris, 1861–66), vol. 7; Tocqueville’s
Journey to England and Ireland
, translated by George Lawrence and K. P. Mayer (London, 1958); and Seymour Drescher,
Tocqueville and England
(Cambridge, Mass., 1964). The most entertaining, though not necessarily most reliable source for Pückler’s trip to the Orient is his own
Aus Mehemed Ali’s Reich: Agypten und der Sudan um 1840
(Zurich, 1984). Two biographies of Lady Hester Stanhope proved especially useful: Virginia Childs,
Lady Hester Stanhope
(London, 1990) and the Duchess of Cleveland,
The Life and Letters of Lady Hester Stanhope
(London, 1914).

6. G
RAVEYARD OF THE
R
EVOLUTION

The story of the American consul’s dinner party is in Alexander Herzen’s unsurpassed memoirs,
My Past and Thoughts
(London, 1968). As a work of literary Anglophilia it is better even than Voltaire’s
Notes
, and at least as good as Fontane’s journalism. The Germans in London are well described in Rosemary Ashton’s
Little Germany
(Oxford, 1986). Carlyle’s letter about preferring order under the czars to democratic anarchy is in Edward Acton,
Alexander Herzen and the Role of the Intellectual Revolutionary
(Cambridge, 1979). For biographical details about Herzen and his fellow exiles in London I relied on E. H. Carr’s
The Romantic Exiles
(London, 1933). Heinrich Heine’s sour comments are from his
Memoirs
(London, 1910). Chopin’s letters were collected by Henryk Oplenski, and published under that title in London, 1932. The best source I found for Mazzini’s life is Dennis Mack Smith,
Mazzini
(London, 1994). I also used E. A. Venturi,
Joseph Mazzini: A Memoir
(London, 1875); Gwilym O. Griffith,
Mazzini: Prophet of Modern Europe
(London, 1932); and Bolton King,
The Life of Mazzini
(London, 1912). Mazzini’s angry article about British isolation from Continental politics appeared in
The Westminster Review
, April 1852. It is regrettable, though perhaps understandable, that Karl Marx’s journalism on the English scene has been reprinted in communist rather than capitalist presses: Marx and Engels,
On Britain
(Moscow, 1953), and Karl Marx,
Englischer Alltag
(Berlin, 1968). His relationship with Wilhelm Liebknecht is described in a somewhat fawning manner by the latter in his
Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs
(London, 1975). Marx’s anti-Semitic remarks are quoted by Isaiah Berlin in
Against the Current
(London, 1979). Berlin’s
Karl Marx: His Life and Environment
(New York, 1959) is also a lively and useful source. Alexandre Ledru-Rollin’s remarkable
La décadence de l’Angleterre
was published in Paris in 1850. And the proto-European treaty,
The Manifesto of the Republican Party
, came out in London in 1855. Liebknecht’s British and American enthusiasms are recorded in Utz Hattern,
Liebknecht und England
(Trier, 1977).

7. S
CHOOLDAYS

Bruce Chatwin’s encounter with Malraux is described in Chatwin’s
What Am I Doing Here
(London, 1989). Coubertin’s effusions in the chapel at Rugby school are in his
L’Education en Angleterre
(Paris, 1888).

8. A S
PORTING
M
AN

I am indebted for most facts on Coubertin’s life to John J. MacAloon, whose biography is detailed and well written:
This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games
(Chicago, 1981). Coubertin himself wrote about his lifelong dedication to the Arnoldian ideal in
Les Batailles de l’éducation physique
. His autobiography is entitled
Une Campagne de 21-ans
(Paris, 1909). And his account of the Much Wenlock games are in his article “A Typical Gentleman” in
American Monthly Review of Reviews
-15 (1897). Other biographical details I found in Marie-Therèse Eyquem,
Pierre de Coubertin: L’Epoque Olympique
(Paris, 1966). Charles Maurras expressed his hatred of everything “Anglo-Saxon” and enthusiasm for the classical world in
Athinéa
(Paris, 1901). His description of the Olympic Games is from
Le Voyage d’Athens
(Paris, 1929). Dr. Arnold’s jingoism abroad is recorded in Lytton Strachey,
Eminent Victorians
(London, 1918). Taine’s account of his time at Balliol is in his
Lettres
(Paris, 1874). His
Notes on England
, translated by Edward Hyams, was published in London in 1957. For a general history on Coubertin’s France I found much instruction in Theodor Zeldin,
France 1848–1945
(Oxford, 1977) and also in Daniel Halévy’s The End of the Notables (Middletown, 1974). Baudelaire’s views on dandyism are in
The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays
, translated by Jonathan Maine (London, 1964). The Berlin games and what led up to them are covered in Duff Hart-Davis,
Hitler’s Games
(London, 1986).

10. J
EWISH
C
RICKET

Most of Herzl’s views quoted in the chapter are from his letters and diaries (
Briefe und Tagebücher
), edited by Alex Bein, published in Berlin in 1983. His collected newspaper articles are published as
Feuilletons
(Berlin, 1911). The German version of his novelistic blueprint for the Jewish homeland,
Altneuland
, was published in Leipzig in 1902. The most recent translation is by Paula Arnold,
Old-New Land
(Haifa, 1960). Of all the books in English on Herzl’s Vienna, Carl Schorske’s
Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: politics and culture
(New York, 1961) is still one of the best. I made extensive use of two biographies of Herzl: Amos Elon,
Herzl
(New York, 1976), and Stephen Beller,
Herzl
(London, 1991). Stephen Beller’s as yet unpublished article “Herzl’s Anglophilia” was also a valuable source. Other sources were Julius Schoeps,
Theodor Herzl and the Zionist Dream
(London, 1997), and Virginia Hein,
The British Followers of Theodor Herzl
(New York, 1987). Of the many biographies of Disraeli, one of lightest is by André Maurois,
Disraeli
(London, 1937). I also found useful Stanley Weintraub,
Disraeli: a biography
(London, 1993), and for Disraeli’s Jewishness I took note of Isaiah Berlin’s essay on Disraeli and Karl Marx, published in
Against the Current
(London, 1979). I quote from Disraeli’s own writings:
Tancred
(London, 1870), book 3, chapter 7, and
Lord George Bentinck
(London, 1852). The last decade of the nineteenth century is remarkably rich in anti-Semitic literature, particularly in France around the time of the Dreyfus affair. Of all books inspired by that case, Louis Martin’s
L’Anglais est-il un Juif?
(Paris, 1895) is surely one of the zaniest. And yet it is by no means untypical of the genre.

11. T
HE
A
NGLOMANE
W
HO
H
ATED
E
NGLAND

For descriptions of the Kaiser’s exile in Doorn I turned to various sources. The most fruitful was the exhibition catalogue of the German History Museum in Berlin, entitled
Der Letzte Kaiser
(Berlin, 1991). Other sources on Doorn are Angelique Bakker,
Huis Doorn
(Zwolle, 1993), and Lady Bentinck,
The ex-Kaiser in Exile
(New York, 1921). On the Kaiser’s life I relied on John C. G. Röhl,
The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany
(Cambridge, 1994). Thomas A. Kohut,
Wilhelm II and the Germans
(Oxford, 1991) is particularly interesting on the Kaiser’s psychology. Hans Wilderotter wrote about the Kaiser’s naval obsession in his essay in
Der Letzte Kaiser
. The British angle of the Kaiser’s story is covered extensively in E. F. Benson,
The Kaiser and English Relations
(London, 1936), and in the exhibition catalogue
Victoria and Albert, Vickey und the Kaiser
(Berlin, 1997). The Kaiser’s friendship with Philip Eulenburg, and the latter’s political influence, are analyzed in depth by John C. G. Röhl in his
Zwei deutsche Fürsten zur Kriegsschuldfrage: Lichnowsky und Eulenburg u.d. Ausbruch d. I. Weltkriegs
(Düsseldorf, 1971). More salacious details on the Eulenburg affair can be culled from Maurice Baumont,
L’Affaire Eulenburg
(Geneva, 1973), and Johannes Haller,
Philip Eulenburg: the Kaiser’s Friend
(Freeport, NY, 1971). For splendid insights amidst much dubious material I derived great benefit from Nicolaus Sombart,
Die deutschen Männer und ihre Feinde
(Munich, 1991). Sombart is especially astute on the sexual psychology of his subjects. Carl Schmitt’s
Land und Meer
was published in English, as
Land and Sea
, in Washington, D.C., in 1997. H. S. Chamberlain wrote a great deal, most of it poisonous. His letters to the Kaiser are in his
Briefe, 1882–1924
(Munich, 1928). His book on Richard Wagner has been reprinted many times. I read
Wagner
(London, 1900). His pamphlet
England und Deutschland
was published in Munich in 1915. So far as I know, it is yet to appear in English.