Americans in Paris: Life & Death Under Nazi Occupation (61 page)

p. 35 ‘The German soldiers’
Roger Langeron,
Paris, juin 1940
, Paris: Flammarion, 1946, p. 45.

p. 35 The Germans honoured
Telegram of 4 July 1940 from Bullitt to Department of State, in Orville H. Bullitt (ed.),
For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972, p. 478.

p. 35 Married to an aristocrat
David Pryce-Jones,
Paris in the Third Reich: A History of the German Occupation, 1940–1944
, London: Collins, 1981, p. 24.

p. 35 Another American loss
‘U.S. Property in France Has Light War Toll’,
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 16 July 1940, p. 9.

p. 35 ‘So these are Bullitt’s’
Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors
, p. 60.

p. 36 In the evening, Bullitt
Langeron,
Paris, juin 1940
, p. 54.

p. 36 ‘If order is maintained’
Ibid
., p. 46.

p. 37 The American Embassy beat
The embassy left the Hôtel Bristol on 1 December 1940. See Dorothy Reeder, ‘The American Library in Paris: September 1939–June 1941, CONFIDENTIAL’, Report to the American Library Association, 19 July 1941, American Library Association Archives, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, p. 9.

p. 38 ‘promised to remain’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949, p. 101.

p. 38 ‘Was it really’
Dorothy Reeder: ‘The American Library in Paris: September 1939–June 1941, Confidential’.

p. 38 ‘theory that, should’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 99.

p. 38 ‘My temperamental dislike’
Ibid.,
p. 99.

p. 38 Pierre, who as the eldest
Americans in France: A Directory, 1939–1940
, Paris: American Chamber of Commerce in France, 1940, p. 83: the Marquis de Chambrun listed his residences as 19 avenue Rapp, Paris 7, and the Château l’Empery-Carrières, Lozère.

p. 39 ‘My husband argued’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 99.

p. 39 ‘There were trucks’
Ibid
., pp. 103–4.

p. 39 ‘I recall the silhouettes’
Ibid
., p. 105.

p. 40 ‘an excited servant … compromised by giving … all thought of self’
Ibid.
, p. 109.

p. 40 ‘By birth and education’
Ibid.
, p. 3.

p. 41
Impressions of Lincoln and the Civil War
Adolphe de Chambrun,
Impressions of Lincoln and the Civil War: A Foreigner’s Account
, translated by General Aldebert de Chambrun, New York: Random House, 1952.

p. 41 recounted his friendship
Chambrun declined, because his Catholicism would not let him attend the theatre on Good Friday.

p. 41 ‘never considered the … Like all his family’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936, p. 93.

p. 42 She perfected her French
Clara became a close friend of Aldebert’s older sister, Thérèse, who was married to Count Savorgnan de Brazza, the Italian-born French explorer for whom Brazzaville in West Africa was named. She was close to others in the same aristocratic circle. See Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, p. 29.

p. 42 The award was presented
Pétain’s full name was Henri-Philippe-Bénoni-Omer Pétain, but he was usually called Philippe Pétain.

p. 43 ‘But there is an end’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, p. 243.

p. 43 ‘the appearance of General’
Ibid
., p. 277.

p. 43 It was said that American
Colonel Charles E. Stanton, in a speech at Lafayette’s tomb in the Picpus Cemetery on 4 July 1917, said, ‘Lafayette, we are here!’ See ‘Immortal War Slogans’,
New York Times
, 11 January 1942, p. 25.

p. 43 ‘In the spring of 1925’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, p. 327.

p. 43 The French Academy awarded
Mary Niles Mack, ‘Between Two Worlds: The American Library in Paris during the War, Occupation and Liberation (1939–1945)’,
Library Trends
, Winter 2007, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, p. 7.

p. 44 Two years later
Yves Pourcher,
Pierre Laval vu par sa fille d’après ses carnet’s intimes
, Paris, Le Cherche-Midi, 2002, p. 105. See also ‘Miss Laval is Bride; Becomes U.S. Citizen’,
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 20 August 1935, p. 17.

p. 44 ‘Swarthy as a Greek’
‘Man of the Year’,
Time
, 4 January 1932.

p. 44 In October 1931
Time
commented on Laval’s meeting with President Herbert Hoover at the White House: ‘President Hoover is well known to dislike almost all Frenchmen. He and Premier Laval had high words which they called “free and frank”. Smoking U.S. cigarettes at the furious rate of 80 per day, the didactic Frenchman in striped trousers, black jacket, white tie and suede-topped buttoned shoes wagged his short forefinger at the President in high-laced shoes and conservative business suit, making hotly such points as that France will not stand for having another Moratorium [on German war reparations payments to France] thrust forward from the U.S. “suddenly and brutally”.’ See
Ibid.

p. 44 Friends said that
Interview with Thierry Bertmann, godson of René de Chambrun’s close American friend, Seymour Weller, Paris, March 2006.

p. 45 ‘There was too much of it’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 109.

p. 45 ‘a wild scheme’
Ibid
.

p. 45 Although Clara favoured … René founded the
Ibid
., p. 53.

p. 45 ‘she had referred’
Vincent Sheean,
Between the Thunder and the Sun
, New York: Random House, 1943, p. 67.

p. 46 ‘There we found’
General Aldebert de Chambrun, ‘Financial Crisis in 1935; Attempted Assassination at Versailles’, in
France during the German Occupation, 1940–1944: A Collection of 292 Statements on the Government of Maréchal Pétain and Pierre Laval
, translated from the French by Philip W. Whitcomb, Palo Alto, CA: The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, vol. III, 1957, p. 1558.

p. 46 ‘The sights on the road’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 110.

p. 46 ‘Madame de Polignac’
Ibid.
, p. 111.

p. 46 ‘No gas Madame’ … ‘There is if you heat it.’
Ibid.
, pp. 111–12.

p. 47 ‘Having explored … he was in fact’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, p. 113.

p. 48 ‘And then, just as’
René de Chambrun,
I Saw France Fall
, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1940, pp. 155–6.

p. 48 ‘It is historically interesting’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 98.

p. 48 ‘That any man’
Ibid.
, p. 107.

p. 48 ‘nothing would have been left’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Like Myself
, p. 114.

p. 49 ‘the very symbol’
Ibid.
, p. 116.

p. 49 ‘Both of them were’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun (Document No. 167) in
France During the German Occupation, 1940–1944
, vol. III, 1957, p. 1362.

p. 49 ‘Our three weeks there’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 113.

p. 50 ‘I said good-bye’
From Bullard’s unpublished memoir, ‘All Blood Runs Red’, reproduced in P. J. Carisella and James W. Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, Boston: Marlborough House, 1972, p. 236.

p. 50 ‘I had a stroke’
Quoted
ibid.
, p. 238.

p. 50 ‘During the bombardments … lay cut in half’
Ibid
., p. 239.

p. 51 ‘This near lynching’
Craig Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard: Black Expatriate in Jazz-Age Paris
, Athens, GA and London: University of Georgia Press, 2000, p. 12.

p. 51 ‘there never was any name-calling’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, p. 70.

p. 52 ‘I was always’
Ibid.,
p. 156.

p. 52 ‘a certain person in Paris’
Ibid
.

p. 53 The squadrons in which
Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard
, p. 58.

p. 53 He was also the only black
A subsequent investigation by the US air force found that the US Army had initially recommended Bullard ‘for transfer to the [US] Air Service as a sergeant rather than receive a commission’. William C. Hemidahl, Chief, Reference Division, Center of Air Force History, ‘Memorandum for AF/DPP, From: Center for Air Force History, Subject: Application for Correction of Military Records–Bullard, Eugene J.’, 3 August 1994, p. 1. All other American flyers were granted immediate American officers’ commissions. Major General Michael McGinty, the director of Air Force Personnel Programs, concluded in 1994 that ‘Eugene Bullard was not granted entry into the American Air Service because of his race.’ Michael McGinty, Major General, USAF, ‘Memorandum for SAF/MIBR, From: HQ USAF/DPP, 1040 Air Force Pentagon, Subject: Application for Correction of Military Records (DD Form 149)–Bullard, Eugene J., 123-45-6789’, 8 August 1994. No African-American pilot was commissioned until 1943, and that was in a racially segregated squadron.

p. 54 ‘If someone needed’
Quoted in Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard
, p. 103.

p. 55 Bullard opened another
William Shack,
Harlem in Montmartre
, Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press, 2001, p. 109.

p. 55 ‘Like most American men’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, p. 229.

p. 55 Fluent in German, French
Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard
, p. 111.

p. 55 ‘Of course, they figured’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, p. 231.

p. 56 ‘Bullard, I didn’t know’
Ibid.
, p. 233.

p. 56 Trumpeter Arthur Briggs
Rudolph Dunbar, ‘Trumpet Player Briggs Freed After Four Years in Camp near Paris’,
Chicago Daily Defender
, 23 September 1945, p. 3.

p. 57 ‘Major Bader assigned’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, p. 241.

p. 58 ‘to take advantage’
Letter from Roger Bader, Galeries Saint-Michel, boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris V, 20 September 1947.

p. 58 Bullard walked and hitch-hiked
Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard
, pp. 118–20.

p. 58 ‘By the time … I made such good time … Better get out of that’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, pp. 237–43.

p. 59 ‘I told him I had never’
Ibid
.

p. 59 ‘Columbus, Georgia, October 9, 1894’
Bullard gave his year of birth as 1894 in his memoirs (see
ibid.
, p. 244), but another biographer, Craig Lloyd, who did thorough documentary research, wrote that the date was 9 October 1895, as given in the family’s Bible (see Craig Lloyd,
Eugene Bullard
, p. 8). He may have added a year to his age in 1914 to join the Foreign Legion.

p. 59 On 12 July, Bullard left
‘Americans Report Nazis Fill Spain’,
New York Times
, 19 July 1940, p. 10.

p. 59 ‘My bicycle had vanished’
Carisella and Ryan,
The Black Swallow of Death
, p. 246.

p. 60 ‘We wandered like’
Gaston Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
, Paris: privately published, 3 June 1959, p. 68.

p. 60 ‘didn’t want to believe me’
Ibid
.

p. 60 As the Germans deployed
Ibid
.

p. 60 Ambassador Bullitt and Counsellor Murphy
‘Embassy Refuge Picked’,
New York Times
, 3 December 1939, p. 5.

p. 61 Bedaux, who granted a lease
Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
. A copy of the uncashed cheque is reproduced in an appendix.

p. 61 The dining table seated
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism I’,
The New Yorker
, 22 September 1945, p. 40.

p. 61 ‘The chateau has one’
‘Embassy Refuge Picked’,
New York Times
, 3 December 1939, p. 5.

p. 61 Hagerman, an amateur artist’
‘Le Château de Candé ou le premier “Americain Présence Post” en France’,
Echos des USA
, publication of the American Embassy, Paris, no. 8, March–April 2007, p. 2.

p. 61 By early June 1940
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism I’,
The New Yorker
, 22 September 1945, p. 29.

p. 62 Fullerton found Bedaux
Jim Christy,
The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 214.

p. 62 ‘slothful and unbridled’
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 40.

p. 62 Bedaux, who believed
George Ungar,
The Champagne Safari
, documentary film, Canada, 1995, at 1:04:00.

p. 62 ‘I can be of more’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 214.

p. 62 ‘She grumbled that’
Quentin Reynolds,
The Wounded Don’t Cry
, London: Cassell and Company, p. 70.