American Experiment (133 page)

[Machinations of Republicans and Democrats concerning Douglas in 1858]:
Potter, p. 331.

[Herndon to Greeley on “selling out” Illinois Republicans]:
William H. Herndon to Horace Greeley, April 8, 1858, Greeley Papers, New York Public Library. See also Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, April 26, 1858, in Roy P. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(Rutgers University Press, 1953), Vol. 2, pp. 443-44; Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, May 27, 1858,
ibid.,
p. 455.

[Nomination of Lincoln at state party convention]:
Don E. Fehrenbacher,
Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the l850s
(Stanford University Press, 1962), Ch. 3.
[Herndon on wanting to see “old man Greely’s” notice of the convention]: ibid.,
p. 50.

[Lincoln’s preparations for speech]:
Stephen B. Oates,
With Malice Toward None
(Harper & Row, 1977), p. 142.

[Opening of Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech]:
Basler, Vol. 2, p. 461.

[On the
“House Divided” speech]:
Fehrenbacher,
Prelude to Greatness,
Ch.4; Harry V. Jaffa,
Crisis of the House Divided
(Doubleday, 1959), passim.

[“Ultimate extinction
”
or victory of slavery in
“all
the States”]:
Basler, Vol. 2, pp. 461-62.
[“Another Supreme Court decision” preventing a state from outlawing slavery]: ibid.,
p. 467.
[Douglas, Taney, Pierce, and Buchanan conspiring “before the first lick was struck”]: ibid.,
pp. 465-66.

[Lincoln following Douglas around the state]:
Johannsen, p. 662.

[Theatrics of the debates]: ibid.,
pp. 631, 655.

[Douglas on Lincoln]: ibid,
pp. 640-41.

[Douglas on inequality of blacks]:
Basler, Vol. 3, p. 10.

[Douglas on diversity as the “safeguard of our liberties”]:
Johannsen, p. 642.

[Lincoln’s views on the rights of blacks]:
Basler, Vol. 3, pp. 16, 145, 222.

[Lincoln’s accusation that Douglas held a “care not” attitude]: ibid,
pp. 233-34.

[Audience participation in the debates]: ibid.,
passim.

[Lincoln asking if Douglas could be
“on all sides”]: Basler, Vol. 3, p. 298.
[Republican party view of slavery as “a moral, social and political wrong”]: ibid.,
pp. 312-13.
[Solution of providing that slavery
“grow no larger”]:,
ibid.,
p. 313.

[Lincoln on “physical difference” between blacks and whites]: ibid.,
pp. 145-46.

[On the equality of the black to
“every living man”
in right to fruits of his labor]: ibid.,
p. 16.

[Lincoln on economic rights basic to liberty]:
Eric Foner,
Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War
(Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 10, 21, 32.

[“Because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife”]:
Basler, Vol. 3, p 146.

[Lincoln on waiting for the harvest]: ibid.,
p. 334

[Intense trading on the New York Stock Exchange]:
Nevins, Vol. 1, p. 181.

[Verses on ladies’ trips to Paris]: ibid.,
pp. 179-80.

[Emerson on American materialism]: The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson,
ed. Edward Waldo Emerson (Houghton Mifflin, 1911), Vol. 5, p. 285.

[Vitality of American literary life in the 1850s]:
Nevins, Vol. 1, Ch. 2.

[Frederick Douglass’ refusal to join John Brown]:
Stephen B. Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood
(Harper & Row, 1970), p. 283.

[Lydia Maria Child’s request to visit John Brown]:
Lydia Maria Child to Henry A. Wise, Oct. 26, 1859, Lydia Maria Child Papers, Schlesinger Library.

[Northern acclaim for John Brown]:
Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood,
p. 318; “A Plea for John Brown,” Henry David Thoreau,
The Writings of Henry David Thoreau
(Houghton Mifflin, 1893), Vol. 10, p. 234; “Harper’s Ferry,” speech of Nov. 1, 1859, Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Negro Universities Press, 1968), p. 263.

[Brown on his martyrdom]:
Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood,
p. 335.

[On the need to purge “with Blood”]: ibid.,
p. 351.

[Repudiation of Brown by Republican notables]:
Nevins, Vol. 2, pp. 105-6; Oates,
With Malice Toward None,
p. 168; Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood,
p. 353.

[Unity of South in “sentiment and feeling”]:
Nevins, Vol. 2, p. 110.

[Background on the opening session of the 36th Congress]: ibid.,
Ch. 4.

[Hinton Rowan Helper]:
Hinton Rowan Helper,
The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It
(Burdick Brothers, 1857), quoted at p. 120.

[Democratic convention of 1860]:
Robert W. Johannsen, “Douglas at Charleston,” in Norman A. Graebner, ed.,
Politics and the Crisis of 1860
(University of Illinois Press, 1961), pp. 61-90; Austin L. Venable, “The Conflict Between the Douglas and Yancey Forces in the Charleston Convention,”
Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 8, No. 2 (May 1942). pp. 226-41.

[Dilemmas facing Republican party in shaping an identity in 1860]:
Don E. Fehrenbacher, “The Republican Decision at Chicago,” in Graebner, pp. 32-60; Foner,
Politics and Ideology,
Chs. 1-3; Hans L. Trefousse, “The Republican Party, 1854-1864,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), Vol. 2, pp. 1141-72.

[Seward’s attempts to appear conciliatory at convention]:
Potter, p. 420.

[Lincoln on how to defeat the enemy]:
Basler, Vol. 3, pp. 460-61.

[Reaffirmation of the Declaration of Independence at 1860 Republican convention ]:
Nevins, Vol. 2, p. 254.

[The convention in general]:
Fehrenbacher, “Republican Decision at Chicago,” passim.

[“Lincoln ain’t here … ”]:
Henry C. Whitney,
Lincoln the Citizen
(Current Literature, 1907), p. 288. The authenticity of this quotation is questionable, however.

[Lincoln informed of nomination]:
Oates,
With Malice Toward None,
p. 179.

[Friend on Lincoln’s view of southern “political game of bluff”]:
Donn Piatt,
Memories of the Men Who Saved the Union
(Belford, Clarke, 1887), pp. 28-30.

[William Cullen Bryant on maintaining Lincoln’s image]:
Nevins, Vol. 2, p. 278.

[Douglas’ presidential campaign]:
Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas,
Ch. 29

[Douglas in the South]:
Robert W. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas and the South,”
Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 33, No. 1 (February 1967), pp. 26-50.

[Douglas’ attempt to “save the Union”]:
Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas,
pp. 797-98.

[Election results of 1860]:
Ollinger Crenshaw, “Urban and Rural Voting in the Election of 1860,” in Eric F. Goldman, ed.,
Historiography and Urbanization: Essays in American History in Honor of W. Stull Holt
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941), pp. 43-63; Peyton McCrary, Clark Miller, and Dale Baum, “Class and Party in the Secession Crisis: Voting Behavior in the Deep South, 1856-1861,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History,
Vol. 8, No. 3 (Winter 1978), pp. 429-57; cf. Robert P. Swierenga, “The Ethnic Voter and the First Lincoln Election,” in Frederick C. Luebke, ed.,
Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln
(University of Nebraska Press, 1971), pp. 129-50; Paul Kleppner,
The Third Electoral System, 1853-1892
(University of North Carolina Press, 1979), passim; Walter D. Kamphoefner, “St. Louis Germans and the Republican Party, 1848-1860,”
Mid-America,
Vol. 57, No. 2 (April 1975), pp. 69-88.

[South Carolina secession ordinance]:
quoted in French Ensor Chadwick,
Causes of the Civil War, 1859-1861
(Harper & Brothers, 1907), p. 138.

[Douglas on America as the “last hope of freedom
”]: Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas,
p. 789.

[Explanations of advent of the Civil War]:
Swierenga; McCrary, Miller, and Baum;

Crenshaw; Albert C. E. Parker, “Beating the Spread: Analyzing American Election Out comes,
” Journal of American History,
Vol. 67, No. 1 (June 1980), pp. 61-87.

[Theories of causes of the Civil War]:
Foner,
Politics and ideology,
Chs. 1-2.

[The southern ideology]:
Carpenter; Craven; David M. Potter,
The South and the Sectional Conflict
(Louisiana State University Press, 1968), Part I; Rollin G. Osterweis,
Romanti- cism and Nationalism in the Old South
(Yale University Press, 1949); Foner,
Politics and Ideology,
passim; cf. C. Vann Woodward,
American Counterpoint
(Little, Brown, 1964), esp. Ch. 5; Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Imperiled Union
(Oxford University Press, 1980), esp. Ch. 4.

[General sources on the politics of slavery]:
Foner,
Politics and Ideology,
Eric Foner,
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
(Oxford University Press, 1970); Potter,
The South and the Sectional Conflict;
Potter,
Impending Crisis;
Woodward,
American Counterpoint;
Craven; Don E. Fehrenbacher, “Comment on ‘Why the Republican Party Came to Power,’ ” in George H. Knoles, ed.,
The Crisis of the Union
(Louisiana State University Press, 1965), pp. 21-29; Carpenter; Staughton
Lynd,
Class Conflict, Slavery, and the United States Constitution
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1967); James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), Chs. 3-4; Steven Channing,
Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina
(Simon and Schuster, 1970); William J. Cooper, Jr.,
The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828-1856
(Louisiana State University Press, l978);James A. Rawley,
Race and Politics
(Lippincott, 1969); Edward

Pessen,
Riches, Class, and Power Before the Civil War
(D. C. Heath, 1973); Harold S. Schultz,
Nationalism and Sectionalism in South Carolina, 1852-1860
(Duke University Press, 1950).

[Davis’ journey to Montgomery]:
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War, A Narrative: Fort Sumter to Perryville
(Random House, 1958), p. 17; Hudson Strode,
Jefferson Davis, American Patriot: 1808-1861
(Harcourt, Brace, 1955), pp. 401-7.

[Montgomery convention]:
Ellis M. Coulter,
The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865
(Louisiana State University Press, 1950), pp. 19-26.

[Confederate Constitution]:
text in Edward A. Pollard,
The First Year of the War,
reprinted from the Richmond corrected edition (Charles B. Richardson, 1863), pp. 363-78.

[Public “approbation” of Davis]:
Jefferson Davis to Varina Davis, Feb. 20, 1861, in Dunbar Rowland, ed.,
Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist: His Letters, Papers and Speeches
(Mississippi Dept. of Archives and History, 1923), p. 54.

[Davis’ speeches]:
Strode, p. 406.

[Yancey introduces Davis]:
Strode, p. 407.

[inaugural address]:
text in Rowland, pp. 49-53.

[Davis on reception of address]:
Rowland, p. 54.

[Lincoln’s journey to Washington]:
Foote, pp. 35-37; Benjamin P. Thomas.
Abraham Lincoln
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), pp. 239-44; Carl Sandburg,
Abraham Lincoln: The War Years
(Harcourt, Brace, 1939), Vol. 1, Ch. 2.

[Lincoln’s farewell to Herndon]:
William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik,
Abraham Lincoln
(D. Appleton, 1917), Vol. 2, p. 194.

[Buchanan’s hopes and indecision]:
Thomas, pp. 228-29.

[Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh speeches]:
see Roy P. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
(Rutgers University Press, 1953), Vol. 4, pp. 194, 199, and

211, resp.

[Speech at independence Hall]: ibid,
p. 240.

[Lincoln before the inauguration]:
see Sandburg, Ch. 3.

[Greeley on peaceful acquiescence]:
quoted in David M. Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861
(Harper & Row, 1963), p. 524.

[Lincoln’s feelings for the Union]:
George B. Forgie,
Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological interpretation of Lincoln and His Age
(W. W. Norton, 1979), passim.

[Lincoln’s Inaugural Address]:
Basler, Vol. 4, pp. 262-71.

[Richmond
Enquirer
reacts to Inaugural Address]:
Sandburg, p. 137.

[General sources on Sumter]:
Frank Barnes,
Fort Sumter,
No. 12 in the National Park Service Historical Handbook Series (Government Printing Office, 1962). passim; Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds.,
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
(Century, 1884), Vol. 1, pp. 40-83; William A. Swanberg,
First Blood
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957), passim.

[Charleston rooftop scene]:
Barnes, opposite p. 1.

[Sumpter as a symbol]:
Potter, p. 541.

[Conflicting counsels in Washington].
Sandburg, Ch. 7.

[Pryor’s exhortation]:
quoted in Sandburg, p. 207.

[Pryor’s reluctance]: Battles and Leaders,
Vol. 1, p. 76.

[Ruffin fires the first shot]:
Sandburg, p. 209. (There is some controversy on this point, however.)

[New York farmer choosing sides]:
quoted in Fletcher Pratt,
Ordeal by Fire
(William Sloane Associates, 194S), p. xvi.

[The “Bonnie Blue Flag”]:
Richard Crawford, ed.,
The Civil War Songbook
(Dover, 1977), pp. 18-19.