American Experiment (130 page)

[Mead on competition]:
Mead. “Denominationalism,” p. 316.

[Evangelical antislavery activities of Lane rebels]:
Buley, p. 617.

[Whittier on antislavery]:
quoted in Anne C. Loveland, “Evangelicalism and ‘Immediate Emancipation’ in American Antislavery Thought,”
Journal of Southern History,
Vol. 32 (1966), pp. 187-88.

[George Washington on the need for “general diffusion of knowledge”]:
“Farewell Address,” John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(Government Printing Office, 1940), Vol. 35, p. 230.

[Thomas Jefferson on need for education]:
Jefferson to Charles Yancey, Jan. 6, 1816, in Paul L. Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(C. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), Vol. 10, p. 4.

[The need to educate jurors, etc., in the “first interest of all”]:
Charles Stewart Davis, “Popular Government,” reprinted in Joseph L. Blau, ed.,
Social Theories of Jacksonian Democracy
(Hafner, 1947), pp. 45-46.

[Edward Everett on “the utmost practicable extension … to a system of education ”]:
Lawrence A. Cremin,
The American Common School
(Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1951), p. 32.

[Schools as “Temples of Freedom”]:
J. Orville Taylor, quoted in Rush Welter,
Popular Education and Democratic Thought in America
(Columbia University Press, 1962), p. 43.

[William Manning on “larning”]:
William Manning,
The Key of Libberty
(The Manning. Association, 1922), pp. 20-21.

[Welter on republican and democratic educational institutions]:
Welter, p. 57.

[Leaders and goals of the Common School Awakening]:
Robert L. Church and Michael W. Sedlak,
Education in the United States: An Interpretive History
(Free Press, 1976), pp.

55-57.

[Undermining of status of skilled craftsmen and the decline of the apprenticeship system]:
Merle Curti,
The Social Ideas of American Educators
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1935), p. 25.

[Leadership of Robert Dale Owen in Working Men’s party demands for education]:
Richard William Leopold,
Robert Dale Owen: A Biography
(Octagon Books, 1969), p. 93; Joseph G. Rayback,
A History of American Labor
(Macmillan, 1959), p. 66; Welter, p. 45.

[Owen on need for national system of education]:
Cremin, p. 33.

[Leadership of Thaddeus Stevens in passage of common school law in Pennsylvania]:
Carl Russell Fish,
The Rise of the Common Man, 1830-1850
(Macmillan, 1927), p. 217.

[Colonial education]:
Bernard Bailyn, cited in Carl F. Kaestle,
The Evolution of an Urban School System
(Harvard University Press, 1973), p. viii.

[Estimates of number of children without education in middle Atlantic states]:
Curti, p. 28.

[Statistics on free education in Massachusetts, New England, and the middle Atlantic states]: ibid.,
pp. 27-28.

[Complaint of school board member on a teacher’s lack of dedication]:
Stanley K. Schultz,
The Culture Factory: Boston Public Schools, 1789-1860
(Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 76. See also Michael B. Katz,
The Irony of Early School Reform
(Harvard University Press, 1968).

[Henry Barnard’s estimates on better funding of private schools in Connecticut]:
Curti, p. 27.
[Horace Mann on the money value of education]: ibid.,
p. 112.

[Views of Henry Barnard on education]: ibid.,
pp. 139-68, and in
Dictionary of American Biography,
Vol. 1, p. 623.

[Leaders of the Common School Awakening in the South]:
Church and Sedlak, pp. 123-27.

[Calvin Wiley on universal education]:
Curti, p. 71.

[Educational effort of the South before the Civil War]:
Church and Sedlak, pp. 122-23.

[Teacher training program of Catharine Beecher]:
Kathryn Kish Sklar,
Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity
(Yale University Press, 1973), p. 183.

[Missionary effort of New England ministers “swarming out” to save the West]:
Fish, p. 224.

[Caleb Mills and the founding of the Indiana school system]:
R. E. Banta,
Indiana Authors and Their Books, 1816-1916
(Wabash College, 1949), p. 221; Charles W. Moores,
Caleb Mills and the Indiana School System
(Indiana Historical Society
Publications,
Vol. 3, No. 6, 1905), pp. 363-78; Emma Lou Thornbrough,
Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850-1880
(Indiana Historical Bureau and Indiana Historical Society, 1965), pp. 461-65.

[Mills on advisability of meeting the expense of “proper education
“
]:
Thornbrough, pp. 462-63.

[John Pierce and the establishment of the Michigan educational system]:
Buley, Vol. 2, p. 368, and in
Dictionary of American Biography,
Vol. 14, p. 583.

[Religious leaders’ founding of public schools described]:
Timothy L. Smith, “Protestant Schooling and American Nationality, 1800-1859,”
Journal of American History,
Vol. 53, No. 4 (March 1967), pp. 679-95.

[Religious issues in New York City schools]:
Church and Sedlak, pp. 158-68.

[Conflict of purposes in common school movement]: ibid.,
pp. 186-89. See also Selwyn K. Troen,
The Public and the Schools
(University of Missouri Press, 1975); Kaestle.

[High school movement]:
Church and Sedlak, p. 182.

[School attendance figures]:
Fish, p. 224.

[Mann on the need to be free before being educated]:
Curti, p. 136.

[Hamilton on liberty of the press]: Federalist
No. 84.

[Rise of the penny press]:
Frank L. Mott,
American Journalism
(Macmillan, 1962), Ch. 12; Edwin Emery,
The Press and America
(Prentice-Hall, 1972), Ch. 11; Sidney Kobre,
Foundations of American Journalism
(Florida State University, 1958), Ch. 13.

[Newspapers dependent on big-city environment]:
Allan R. Pred, ed.,
The Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Urban-Industrial Growth, 1800-1914
(MIT Press, 1966), pp. 174-175, 202-3.

[Police-court reports of the
Sun]: Mott, p. 223.

[Bennett’s New York
Herald]: Kobre, Ch. 15, quoted at p. 259; Mott, pp. 229-35.

[Hoes “lightning press”]:
Emery, pp. 201-2.

[Impact of cost of large presses]:
Kobre, p. 289.

[Telegraph dispatch]:
Molt, p. 247.

[Papers in every tavern]: ibid.,
p. 241.

[Refusal of southern postmasters to deliver abolitionist papers]: ibid.,
p. 306.

[New papers in the East]:
Kobre, pp. 302-3; Moll, pp. 238-41.
[New papers in the West]:
Mott, Ch. 16, quoted at p. 282.

[Attacks on Bennett]:
Kobre, pp. 269-71.

[Coverage of the Mexican War]:
Emery, p. 194.

[Horace Greeley’s description of himself]:
Greeley Papers, New York Public Library, 1844-47 folder.

[Greeley’s boss’s desire for “decent-
looking
men”]:
Mott, p. 219 n.

[Greeley’s ideal of a paper]:
Horace Greeley,
Recollections of a Busy Life
(J. B. Ford, 1868), p. 137.

[Greeley on reform]:
Mott, p. 272.

[Criticism of “libertines”]: ibid.,
p. 271.

[Advice to Emerson and other young writers]:
Greeley Papers, 1844-47 folder.

[Readership of the
Tribune]: Kobre, p. 285.

[Parrington’s description of Greeley]:
Parrington,
Main Currents in American Thought,
Vol. 2. p. 257.

[Young reporters’ income]:
Kobre, p. 291.

[Melville’s source of income]:
Matthew J. Bruccoli, ed.,
The Profession of Authorship in America, 1800-1870: The Papers of William Charvat
(Ohio State University Press 1968), p. 196.

[The penny press in a democratic market society]:
Michael Shudson,
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers
(Basic Books, 1978), pp. 43-60.

[Subscribers to
Godey’s Lady’s Book
and
North American Review
]:
Douglas, p. 275.

[Domestic novels ]:
John T. Frederick, “Hawthorne’s ‘Scribbling Women,’ ”
New England Quarterly,
Vol. 47 (June 1975), pp. 231-40.

[The special journal devoted to reform]:
Bernard A. Weisberger,
The American Newspaperman
(University of Chicago Press, 1961), p. 86.

[Elijah Lovejoy]:
Buley, p. 623.

[Reactions of Adams, New York
Evening Post,
and Channing to murder of Lovejoy]:
Lawrence Lader,
The Bold Brahmins: New England’s War Against Slavery, 1831-1863,
(E. P. Dutton, 1961), p. 82.

[Lovejoy as bigot]:
Louis Filler,
The Crusade Against Slavery
(Harper & Brothers, 1960), p. 78.

[Faneuil Hall protest meeting]:
Lader, pp. 82-85; Irving H. Bartlett,
Wendell Phillips
(Beacon Press, 1961), Ch. 4.

[Attorney General’s castigation of blacks]:
Lader, p. 83.

[Phillips joining antislavery cause]:
Bartlett, Ch. 3.

[Speech of Phillips]:
Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Negro Universities Press, 1968, orig. pub. 1884), pp. 1-10, quoted at p. 3.

[Garrison on Phillips]:
Bartlett, p. 51.

[Early antislavery sentiment]:
David B. Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823
(Cornell University Press, 1975).

[Questions of goals, strategy, and tactics]:
Aileen Kraditor.
Means and Ends in American Abolitionism
(Pantheon Books, 1967), passim; Gerald Sorin,
Abolitionism
(Praeger, 1972), passim; Staughton Lynd,
Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism
(Pantheon Books, 1968), Chs. 4-5; William M. Wiecek,
The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848
(Cornell University Press, 1977).

[Garrison on the Constitution]:
Filler, p. 216.

[Wendell Phillips on government and the safety of the Republic’s liberties]:
Wendell Phillips, “Public Opinion,” speech of Jan. 28, 1852, reprinted in
Speeches,
pp. 53-54; Richard Hofstadter,
The American Political Tradition
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), Ch. 6.

[Phillips on roles of reformer and politician]:
Hofstadter, p. 136.

[Lydia Child on moral influence and party action]:
Lydia M. Child, “Talk About Political Party,” reprinted from
The National Anti-Slavery Standard
in
The Liberator,
Aug. 5, 1842, quoted in Kraditor, p. 163.

[Characterization of abolitionists]:
Sorin, Ch. 1; see also Gerald Sorin,
The New York Abolitionists
(Greenwood, 1971), Ch. 1.

[Lewis Tappan]:
Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery
(Atheneum, 1969), p. viii.

[The Grimké sisters]:
Gerda Lerner,
The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina
(Houghton Mifflin, 1967), passim.

[Kraditor on abolitionists]:
Kraditor, p. x.

[Influence of Phillips’ wife]:
Hofstadter, p. 139.

[Lydia Child on changing public opinion]:
Kraditor, p. 160.

[James Russell Lowell]:
Martin Duberman,
James Russell Lowell
(Houghton Mifflin, 1966), passim.

[Hildreth, and antislavery themes in American literature]:
Lorenzo D. Turner,
Anti-Slavery Sentiment in American Literature Prior to 1865
(Kennikat Press, 1929).

[Harriet Beecher Stowe]:
Robert Forrest Wilson,
Crusader in Crinoline
(Lippincott, l940.

[Sales figures for
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
]:
Filler, p. 210; Wilson, pp. 281, 341.

[John Brown in Ohio]:
Stephen B. Oates,
To Purge This Land with Blood
(Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 41-42.

[Webster’s death]:
George Ticknor Curtis,
Life of Daniel Webster
(D. Appleton, 1870), Vol. 2, pp. 664-705; Claude M. Fuess,
Daniel Webster
(Little, Brown, 1930), Vol. 2, Ch. 30; Peter Harvey,
Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Daniel Webster
(Little, Brown, 1878), Ch. 12.

[Description of Webster]:
Harvey, p. 432.

[“Any thing unworthy of Daniel Webster”]:
Curtis, p. 698.

[Webster’s determination to resign]:
Webster to Fletcher Webster, July 4, 1852, Edward Everett Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

[Webster’s prediction that “the Whigs are ended”]:
Curtis, p. 693.

[Calhoun’s death]:
Gaillard Hunt,
John C. Calhoun
(George W. Jacobs, 1907), Ch. 20; Margaret L. Coit,
John C. Calhoun
(Houghton Mifflin, 1950), Ch. 28.

[Calhoun on “two peoples so different”]:
Franklin Jameson, ed.,
Correspondence of John C. Calhoun,
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1899 (Government Printing Office, 1900), Vol. 2, p. 784.

[Clay’s death]:
Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
The Life of Henry Clay
(Little, Brown, 1937), Ch. 25.

[Emerson’s musings on Webster]: Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson,
eds. E. W. Emerson and W. E. Forbes (Houghton Mifflin, 1912), entry for Oct. 25, 1852, Vol. 8, pp. 335-36.

[John Muir’s boyhood life in Wisconsin]:
John Muir, “Scotch Pioneers in Wisconsin,” in David B. Greenberg, ed.,
Land That Our Fathers Plowed
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), pp. 87-95, 9, quoted at pp. 88, 89.