1999 (57 page)

McCloy, John J.,
77

McKinley, William,
14

Macmillan, Harold,
31
,
65
,
197

McNamara, Robert S.,
77
,
81

Malaysia,
272

Malenkov, Georgi,
65

Malraux, André,
19
,
247

Malthus, Thomas,
15

Manifest Destiny,
19

Mansfield Amendment,
206
,
213

Mao Tse-tung,
27
,
242
–43,
245
,
262
,
293

   leadership style of,
246
–49,
251
,
254

Marcos, Ferdinand,
126
,
144

Mariam, Mengistu Haile,
280

Marshall Plan,
171
,
197
–98

Marx, Karl,
42

massive retaliation, doctrine of,
72
,
201

Meany, George,
165

Mecca, Iranian demonstrations in,
294

Meir, Golda,
276

Menzies, Sir Robert,
173

Mexican–American War,
234
,
288

Mexico,
257
,
286

   economic crisis of,
114
–15,
288
–89,
298

Mexico, University of,
288

Midgetman missile,
83
,
85
,
185

military aid:

   to anticommunist revolutionary movements,
109
–11,
132
–37,
139
–143

   Soviet-U.S. competition and,
105
–6

military power:

   change in Eastern Europe and,
151
–152

   NATO and,
198
,
212
–15,
220

   Soviet-U.S. competition and,
106
–109,
151
–52

Mitterrand, François,
35

Mobutu Sese Seko,
280

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi,
110
,
118
,
258

   overthrow of,
294
–95

Monroe Doctrine,
137

moral relativism, doctrine of,
314

Mozambique,
293

Mugabe, Robert,
282

Muñoz Marín, Luis,
289

Mussolini, Benito,
16

Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction Talks,
176
,
215

mutual assured destruction, doctrine of,
79
–82

MX-missile deployment,
69
,
84
–85,
89
,
95
,
185

   SDI and,
85
,
90

Nagy, Imre,
153

Nakasone, Yasuhiro,
223
,
228
,
230
,
235
–36

Napoleon I, Emperor of France,
31
,
278

   on China,
242
–43

Nasser, Gamal Abdel,
55
,
73
,
204

National Endowment for Democracy (NED),
299

National Security Council (NSC),
312

   Iran-contra affair and,
109
,
112
,
173

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
173
–175

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
34
–35,
55
,
73
,
104
,
187

   changes in world since formation of,
198
–206

   core mission of,
209
–15

   crisis of,
197
,
206
–7,
219

   doctrine of flexible response adopted by,
201
–3

   expanding mission of,
215
–17

   improving conventional forces of,
212
–15,
220

   reasons for formation of,
197
–98

   resolving problems of,
207
–9,
219
–220

   Soviet relations with,
217
–19

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
162
–163,
169
–71,
181

   
see also
Western Europe

negotiation,
315

   back-channel,
177

   conduct of,
161
,
168
–94

   deadlines for,
192

   government-to-government,
174

   head-to-head,
174
–75

   
integrating overall strategy with,
165
,
168
–70,
193
–94

   key tactics to employ in,
177
–84

   necessity for secrecy in,
175
–77

   pros and cons of,
161
–65

   selecting issues for,
161
,
166
–67

   sound agreements reached by,
193

   with Soviets,
63
–65,
160
–94

   at summit level,
see
summits, summitry

   talk soft, act tough tactic in,
184

   tenacity in,
182
–84

   unpredictability in,
184

   
see also
arms-control agreements; diplomacy

Nehru, Jawaharlal,
273

neo-isolationism,
308
–9,
313
–14

Neutrality Act,
111
–12

New People's Army (NPA), Philippine,
144
,
270
,
292

New Zealand,
272

Nicaragua,
293

   critical U.S. interests in,
131
–37

   Sandinista rule in,
53
,
105
,
122
,
132
–137,
292

Nietzsche, Friedrich,
318
–19

Nisbet, Robert,
307
–8

Nixon Doctrine,
122
–23

Nkrumah, Kwame,
281

Norway,
218

nuclear blackmail,
66
–67,
82

nuclear power,
311

nuclear superiority:

   as answer to nuclear dilemma,
67
,
69
–71

   doctrine of mutually assured destruction and,
80
–82

   policy of deterrence and,
71
–80,
117
,
198
,
201
,
210

   as Soviet pursuit,
77
–83,
135

nuclear war, avoidance of,
52
,
66
–68,
162

nuclear weapons,
52
,
63

   concept of no first use of,
213

   for defense of Europe,
210
–15,
231

   for defense of Japan,
231
–32

   as deterrent to war,
see
deterrence, policy of

   intermediate-range,
202
–3,
210
,
212
,
231

   modernization of,
88
,
164

   as obsession,
18
–19

   perfect defenses against,
67
,
70
–71

   political utility of,
67

   proliferation of,
187
,
275

   proposed
50

   percent reduction in,
92
–94,
169

   scientific progress in development of,
78
,
81
–82

   Soviet-U.S. agreements on,
see
arms-control agreements

   Soviet-U.S. parity in,
82
–83,
87
–88,
100
,
202
,
214

   tactical,
170
,
201

Office of Patents, U.S.,
14

OPEC oil embargo,
115

Ortega, Daniel,
136

Other Path, The
(de Soto),
291

pacifism,
308

Paine, Thomas,
254

Pakistan:

   Indian feuds with,
267
,
272
–75

   Soviet–Afghani war and,
49
,
138
–40,
274

   U.S. economic aid to,
104
,
140
,
274
–75

Palestinian question,
119

Palme, Olof,
45

Paris Exhibition,
14

Paris peace accords,
58
,
103
,
106

Pax Romana,
196

Paz, Octavio,
298

Perestroika,
40

peripheral interests,
113
–14

Perry, Matthew,
221
,
237

Pershing II missile deployment,
162
–163,
202
–3

Persian Gulf,
206
,
294

   Soviet long-term strategy in,
48
–49,
59
,
115
–19,
138

   as vital U.S. interest,
115
–20

Peru,
290
–91

Peter I (the Great), Czar of Russia,
43

Philippines, communist insurgency in,
143
,
144
–45,
270
–71,
292

Pipes, Richard,
152

Poland,
130

   agricultural collectivization in,
153
–154,
155

   
Solidarity movement in,
152
,
154
,
155
,
206

political conflicts,
166
,
189
,
191
–92

political progress:

   material progress vs.,
16
–18,
312

   for twenty-first century,
312
–15

Pol Pot,
122
,
269

Pompidou, Georges,
252

Postdam Conference,
161

Prague Spring,
154

Prensa, La,
136

presidential campaigning,
301
–2

public opinion:

   covert operations and,
111
–12

   NATO and,
200

   on Soviet-U.S. conflicts,
61

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
170
–171

Qaddafi, Muammar el-,
293

quickie summit meetings,
190
–91

Radio Free Europe,
101

Radio Liberty,
101
,
156

Radio Moscow,
101
–2

Rapid Deployment Force (RDF),
118

Reagan, Ronald,
31
,
45
,
47
,
59
,
61
,
69
,
118
,
162
,
182
,
190

   Arias peace plan and,
133
,
136
–37

   arms-control negotiations of,
71
,
92
–93,
97
,
169
,
171
,
179
,
185
,
191
,
203

   China policy of,
256
,
258
,
260

   leadership style of,
308

   popularity of,
301
–2

   protectionism resisted by,
256

   SDI proposal of,
84
–86,
93

   on Third World issues,
279
,
299

Reagan Doctrine,
128
–29,
131

Realpolitik,
306

Real War, The
(Nixon),
48
,
115

Reconstruction,
158

Red Guards,
242
,
247

Reykjavik summit,
61
,
70
–71,
191
–92

Rogers, Bernard,
169

Romania,
153
–54

Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
44
,
111
–12,
208

   in Soviet-U.S. negotiations,
172
,
183
,
188

   on U N,
21
–22,
28

Rosenthal, Abe,
47

Russian Revolution,
25
,
315

Sadat, Anwar el-,
138

Sakharov, Andrei,
39

Salinas de Gortiari, Carlos,
289

SALT I,
61
,
88
,
176
,
178
,
185
,
193

SALT II,
61
,
88
,
164
–65,
179
,
185

Sato, Eisaku,
226
,
235
–36,
252

Saudi Arabia,
117
–19,
278
–79

Savimbi, Jonas,
143

Schmidt, Helmut,
212

scientific progress,
13
–18,
23
–24

   in health care,
15
,
310

   in nuclear weapon development,
78
,
81
–82

   political progress vs.,
16
–18,
312

   in travel,
15
–16

   in twenty-first century,
310
–12

Scowcroft Commission,
83
–84

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative),
70
,
77
,
164
,
212
,
230

   need for comprehensive compromise on,
89
–91

   START agreement and,
92
–93,
95
,
97
,
184