1999 (55 page)

Canada,
114

Carillo Flores, Nabor,
288

Carter, Jimmy,
61
,
69
,
81
,
118
,
185
,
218
,
307

   Arab–Israeli conflict and,
103
,
276
–278

   Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and,
58
–59,
75
–76,
182

Carter Doctrine,
59

Castro, Fidel,
55
,
74
,
290
–91

Catholic Church, Stalin's criticisms of,
316
–17

Ceausescu, Nicolas,
153
–54

Center for International Private Enterprise,
299

Central Intelligence Agency,
112
,
171
,
173

Challenger explosion,
78

Chamberlain, Neville,
114

Chamber of Commerce, U.S.,
299

Chambers, Whittaker,
294

Chernobyl nuclear-reactor disaster,
52
,
78
,
117
,
311

Chiang Kai-shek,
242
,
247

China, Nationalist,
see
Taiwan China, People's Republic of,
22
–23,
34
,
130
,
144
,
163
,
187
,
195
,
241
–263

   access to technology of,
257
,
260

   agricultural success of,
249
–50

   concerns about U.S. in,
259

   economic reforms of,
35
,
37
,
40
,
245
–46,
248
–55

   emergence of,
242
–43,
245
–46,
254

   foreign ideas absorbed by,
248
–49,
254

   foreign policy of,
260
–62

   GNP of,
245

   Japan and,
231
,
233
,
242
,
260

   leaders of,
246
–48

   national security interests of,
243
–244,
246
,
255
,
259
–60

   political turmoil of,
251
–52

   Soviets compared with,
42
,
250

   Soviet split with,
72
,
241
–44,
246
–47,
255
,
260

   on Taiwan issue,
258
–59

   Third World relations of,
272

   transfer of power in,
252
–53

   U.S. negotiations with,
176
,
183

   U.S. relations with,
23
,
103
,
243
–47,
255
–57,
259
–60,
262
–63,
314

   U.S. trade with,
180
,
245
,
255
–57,
260

   Western criticisms of,
257
–59

   Western fear and mistrust of,
241
–242

   Western investment in,
257

Chirac, Jacques,
35

Chou En-lai,
27
,
243
,
262

   leadership style of,
246
–48,
254

Churchill, Winston,
19
,
27
,
32
,
47
,
158
,
168
,
252

   Iron Curtain speech of,
321

   on Japan,
221
–22

   on U.S. politics,
302

Civil Rights Act,
318

Civil War,
151
,
157
–58,
172
,
234

Clark Air Force Base,
144

Clark Amendment,
142
–43

Clausewitz, Karl von,
78

Cleveland, Grover,
172

Cold War,
163
,
217
,
223
,
295

colonialism:

   European vs. communist,
17

   of Soviets,
see
Soviet Union, expansionism of

communism, communists,
24

   determinism of,
307

   Islamic fundamentalism compared with,
293
–94

   Japanese relations with,
234

   negotiating with,
175
–76

   romantic notions about,
292
–93

   as secular religion,
41
,
42
–43,
294
,
317
–18

   Third World insurgencies of,
121
–137,
142
–45,
204
,
208
–9,
270
–71,
285
,
291
–93,
298
–99

   Third World unrest and poverty caused by,
267
–72

computers, revolution in,
311

Congress, U.S.,
24
,
64

   demise of détente and,
57
–58

   
Japanese trade debate in,
225
–27,
239

   NATO and,
206
,
213
–14

   Soviet-U.S. competition and,
106
–108,
111
–13,
118
,
120
,
134
,
136
–137,
142
–43

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
162
,
179
,
183
,
189

   on Soviet-U.S. trade,
57
,
180

   strategic issues addressed by,
69
,
77
,
83
,
87
,
89
–91,
93
,
185
,
228

   Third World issues and,
270
,
284
,
296
,
299
–300

Constitution, U.S.,
303
,
319

Contadora peace talks,
133

containment, policy of,
55
–56,
62
,
98
–99,
132

contras:

   diversion of arms profits to,
109

   peace negotiations and,
133
–37

   U.S. aid to,
109
,
132
–37

counterforce warheads, Soviet advantage in,
92
–93

   covert operations, Soviet-U.S. competition and,
109
–13,
139
–41

critical interests,
113
–14,
120
–37

   in Nicaragua and El Salvador,
131
–137

Crozier, Brian,
179

cruise missile deployment,
162
–63

Cuba,
122
,
177

   economic problems of,
290
–91,
293

   Third World insurgencies supported by,
136
–37,
142
–43

Cuban missile crisis,
73
–75,
77
,
79
,
190
–91

Cultural Revolution,
242
,
247
,
250

Czechoslovakia,
146

   Soviet invasion of,
147
–48,
191

Daniloff, Nicholas,
191

Declaration of Independence,
303

Defense Department, U.S.,
112
,
118

   military interventions justified by,
106
–7

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
169
,
171
,
173

defense policy:

   coordinating arms control with,
86
–87

   for real peace,
52
–54

de Gasperi, Alcide,
27

de Gaulle, Charles,
27
,
32
,
108
,
196
,
239
,
252
,
288
,
309

   on China,
241
–42,
244
,
246

   on Japan,
235

   on U.S. politics,
301

Deng Pufang,
242

Deng Xiaoping,
40
,
68
,
242
,
245

   goals of,
254
–55

   Gorbachev compared with,
250

   leadership style of,
248
–55

   power transferred to Zhao by,
252
–253

   on Sino–Soviet relations,
261

   on Taiwan issue,
259

   Western criticisms of,
251

dependency theory,
290

de Soto, Hernando,
291

détente, policy of,
56
–58,
62
,
99
,
152

deterrence, policy of,
51
,
56
–57,
62
–65,
66
–97

   doctrine of flexible response and,
201
–3

   doctrine of mutually assured destruction and,
79
–82

   NATO and,
201
–3,
210
–15

   nuclear superiority and,
71
–80,
117
,
198
,
201
,
210

   role of strategic defense in,
see
Strategic Defense Initiative

   U.S. requirements for maintenance of,
82
–87,
314

Dickens, Charles,
265

Diem, Ngo Dinh,
123
,
258

diplomacy:

   nuclear,
73
–75,
102
–3,
190
–91

   personal,
188
–89

   Soviet-U.S. competition and,
102
–3

   for war in Afghanistan,
138
–42

   for war in Nicaragua,
133
,
135
–37

   
see also
negotiation

disarmament, total,
308

   as answer to nuclear dilemma,
67
–68,
70
–71

   risks of,
68
–69

DNA research,
310

Dobrynin, Anatoly,
177

Dub
ek, Alexander,
146
–47,
149
,
154

Duell, Charles H.,
14

Dulles, John Foster,
72
–73

Duvalier, Jean-Claude,
126

Eastern Europe,
101
–2,
208

   economic problems of,
149
–51

   encouraging reforms in,
153
–55,
163

   Soviet imperialism vs. nationalism in,
150
–51

   Soviet-U.S. competition in,
145
–55

   
see also specific countries

economic aid:

   to Africa,
279
–80

   to contras,
109
,
132
–37

   to El Salvador,
104
,
123

   to Israel,
277

   Japanese programs for,
232
,
234
,
238
–39

   to Latin America,
292

   NATO and,
216
–17

   to Pakistan,
104
,
140
,
274
–75

   to Philippines,
271
,
277

   principles for distribution of,
296
–97

   Soviet-U.S. competition and,
103
–5

economic power:

   Japan and,
223

   NATO and,
198
,
218
–19

   negotiating leverage from,
180
–82,
184
,
218
–19

Eden, Anthony,
252

Egypt,
103
,
276
–78

Eisenhower, Dwight,
110
,
204
–5,
279
,
301
,
312

   nuclear diplomacy of,
73
–74,
102
–103

Elizabeth I, Queen of England,
65

Ellsberg, Daniel,
113

El Salvador,
122
,
293

   critical U.S. interests in,
131
–32,
135

   U.S. economic aid to,
104
,
123

Energy Department, U.S.,
116

Engels, Friedrich,
292

Erhard, Ludwig,
252

Ethiopia,
279
–80,
293

European Defense Community,
214

European Economic Community,
225

extended deterrence,
82
–83