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MAP CREDITS

Map designs by Nick Springer, Springer Cartographics. Maps on chapter 2, 3, and 5 by Timothy William Gibson and author; maps on chapter 1, 4, 6-10 and frontispiece by the author.

Chapter 1:
data from Diehl, 1983; Martin and Grube, 2000; Flannery and Marcus, 2000, 2003; MacEwan, Barreto, and Neves, 2001; Heckenberger et al., 2003; Pärssinen, 2003; Denevan pers. comm.; Erickson pers. comm.; Petersen pers. comm.; Woods pers. comm.

 

Chapter 2 Map-1
,
Chapter 2 Map-2:
after Salisbury, 1982; Vaughan, 1995; Plimoth Plantation Education Dept.

 

Chapter 3:
after Hyslop, 1984; Moseley, 2001; Pärssinen, 2003

 

Chapter 3:
data from Rowe, 1946; Moseley, 2001; D’Altroy, 2002; Pärssinen, 2003

 

Chapter 4:
data from Berdan and Anawalt, 1997; Townsend, 2000; Pollard, 2003

 

Chapter 5:
after Haynes, 1964

 

Chapter 6:
after Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004

 

Chapter 7:
data from Flores, 1974; Bernal, 1969; Coe, 1994, 1999; Martin and Grube, 2000; Flannery and Marcus, 2000, 2003; Pohl, Pope, and von Nagy, 2002; FAMSI, n.d.

 

Chapter 7:
after Owen and Goldstein, 2001; Stanish, 2003

 

Chapter 8:
data from Brown, 1992; Saunders et al., 1997; Petersen pers. comm.; Woods pers. comm.; U.S. National Park Service, n.d.

 

Chapter 8:
after Fowler, 1997

 

Chapter 8:
data from Martin and Grube, 1996, 2000; Guenter, 2003; Fahsen, 2003

 

Chapter 9:
after Denevan, 1996; MacEwan, Barreto, and Neves, 2001; Heckenberger et al., 2003

 

Chapter 10:
data from Doolittle, 2000; Denevan, 2001; Whitmore and Turner, 2001; MacEwan, Barreto, and Neves, 2001; Denevan pers. comm.; Petersen pers. comm.; Pyne pers. comm.; Roosevelt, pers. comm.; Woods pers. comm. (The author is extremely grateful to Steven Pyne, Jim Petersen, Bill Woods, and especially William Denevan for putting aside their entirely justified misgivings and helping him with this map.)

 

ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

(*) Image digitally altered by author, usually to remove dust, scratches and bleed-through

Chapter 1
(t) Martti Pärssinen, University of Helsinki; (b) Clark L. Erickson, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (*)

Chapter 2
,
Chapter 3
,
Chapter 6 Photo-1
,
Chapter 6 Photo-2
,
Chapter 7 Photo-1
,
Chapter 7 Photo-2
,
Chapter 7 Photo-3
,
Chapter 10
,
Appendix D
Author’s collection

Chapter 2
(t) Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (hereafter LOC), Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-53338; (b) LOC, Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-54015

Chapter 2
LOC, Reproduction No: LC-USZ62-54018

Chapter 3 Photo-1
,
Chapter 3 Photo-2
Julia Chambi and Teo Allain Chambi, Archivo Fotográfico Martín Chambi, Cusco, Peru

Chapter 3
LOC, Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-97754

Chapter 3
Royal Library, Copenhagen, facsimile with transcription from Guamán Poma Web site, www.kb.dk/elib/mss/poma (*)

Chapter 3
Rutahsa Adventures, www.rutahsa.com (photo by Ric Finch)

Chapter 4
,
Chapter 6 Photo-1
,
Chapter 6 Photo-2
,
Chapter 6 Photo-3
,
Chapter 8
(t),
Chapter 9
Peter Menzel, www.menzelphoto.com

Chapter 4
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City (painting by Miguel Covarrubias)

Chapter 4
(t) Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS Mex. 385 (Codex Telleriano-Remensis, folio 45v.) (*); (b) Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Santa Fe, N.M. (Fray Bernardino de Sahagún,
Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España,
vol. 4, book 12, plate 114)

Chapter 5
Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Photo N25826; (r) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C. / Art Resource, N.Y. (Painting by Nicholas R. Brewer [1857-1949])

Chapter 5
National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (hereafter NAA), Photo MNH 31,213

Chapter 5
Pete Bostrom, Lithic Casting Lab (*)

Chapter 5
University Photo Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

Chapter 5
Vanderbilt University (photo by Steve Green)

Chapter 6
Proyecto Arqueológico Norte Chico

Chapter 7
National Geographic Image Collection (photo by Mathew W. Stirling)

Chapter 7
Joyce Marcus, University of Michigan (originally printed in Marcus 1976) (*)

Chapter 7
Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections (Codex Zouche-Nuttall, 1902, facsimile, original at British Museum)

Chapter 7
Paul Harmon, QalaYampu Project, www.reedboat.org

Chapter 7
Library, American Museum of Natural History (hereafter AMNH), Neg. no. 334876 (photo by Shippee-Johnson Expedition)

Chapter 7
AMNH, Neg. no. 334611 (photo by Shippee-Johnson Expedition)

Chapter 8
University of Pennsylvania Museum, Tikal Project Neg. No. 64-5-29, Vessel 10E-52

Chapter 8
Southeast Archaeological Center, National Park Service (painting by Martin Pate)

Chapter 8
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site ([t] painting by Lloyd K. Townsend; [b] painting by Michael Hampshire)

Chapter 8
(b) Courtesy Gabriel González Maury, www.campeche.com

Chapter 8
James Porter (*)

Chapter 8
Justin Kerr

Chapter 9
Araquém Alcântara

Chapter 9
NAA, Photo Lot 83-15

Chapter 9
Academic Press

Chapter 9
Anna C. Roosevelt

Chapter 9
(l) Museum of World Culture, Göteborg, Sweden (photo by Hakan Berg); (r) Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (photo by Wagner Souza e Silva)

Chapter 10
(r, l) Harris H. Wilder Papers, Smith College Archives, Smith College

Chapter 10
AMNH, Neg. no. 334717 (photo by Shippee-Johnson Expedition)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In putting together this book I worked under the shadow of great travelers, scientists, and historians ranging from William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman, and John Lloyd Stephens in the nineteenth century to (I cite only a sampler) William Cronon, Alfred W. Crosby, William M. Denevan, Francis Jennings, John Hemming, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roderick Nash, and Carl Sauer in the twentieth and twenty-first. The comparison is daunting. Luckily, I have been able to benefit from the advice, encouragement, and criticism of many scholars, beginning with Crosby and Denevan themselves. A number of researchers read the draft manuscript in part or whole, a great kindness for which I thank Crosby, Denevan, William Balée, Clark Erickson, Susanna Hecht, Frances Karttunen, George Lovell, Michael Moseley, James Petersen, and William I. Woods. Although they helped me enormously, the book is mine in the end, as are its remaining errors of fact and balance.

I am grateful to all the researchers who were kind enough to put aside their doubts long enough to help a journalist, but in addition to those mentioned above I would especially like to thank—for favors, insights, or just the gift of time—Helcio Amiral, Flavio Aragon Cuevas, Charles Clement, Michael Crawford, Winifred Creamer, Vine Deloria Jr., Henry F. Dobyns, Elizabeth Fenn, Stuart Fiedel, Susan deFrance, Jonathan Haas, Susanna Hecht, Charles Kay, Patricia Lyon, Beata Madari, David Meltzer, Len Morse-Fortier, Michael Moseley, Eduardo Neves, Hugo Perales, Amado Ramírez Leyva, Anna C. Roosevelt, Nelsi N. Sadeck, the late Wim Sombroek, Russell Thornton, Alexei Vranich, Patrick Ryan Williams, and a host of Bolivian, Brazilian, Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. graduate students. My gratitude to the editors of the magazines in which bits of
1491
first appeared: Corby Kummer, Cullen Murphy, Sue Parilla, Bill Whitworth, and the late Mike Kelly at
The Atlantic Monthly;
Tim Appenzeller, Elizabeth Culotta, Colin Norman, and Leslie Roberts at
Science;
David Shipley and Carmel McCoubrey at the
New York Times;
Nancy Franklin at
Harvard Design Magazine;
and George Lovell at
Journal of the Southwest.