Women Sailors & Sailors' Women (38 page)

2. Walker, 165.

3. Ibid., 172.

4. Matthew Stephens has tracked down the records of the two marriages of Hannah's father in the Worcester Record Office. The first marriage bond, December 2, 1702, records the marriage of Samuel Snell, dyer, aged twenty-two, and Elizabeth Marston, aged about twenty (Worcester Record Office, document no. BA2036/21b). The second marriage bond, June 30, 1709, records the marriage of Samuel Snell, widower, aged twenty-nine years, and Mary Williams, aged twenty-five (Worcester Record Office, document no. BA2036/28a).

5. According to the Land Tax Assessments for Wapping, James Gray began paying taxes for the house on Ship Street in 1744 (Guildhall Library, document no. MS6016/1630).

6. Walker, 24, 141.

7. The muster book of the sloop
Swallow
(ADM 36/3472) notes that James Gray joined the ship on October 24, 1747.

8. Stark, 188, quotes the entry in the muster book of HMS
Eltham
(ADM 36/1035), “Jae. Gray [released] Cudelore Hopl. 2 Aug 1749, rec'd [into the
Eltham
] from
Tartar
13 Oct. 1749.”

9. Walker, 142.

10. The muster book of HMS
Eltham
(ADM 36/1035) records that Jae. Gray was discharged at Spithead on May 25, 1750.

11. Walker, 104.

12. Chelsea Hospital admission book, 1746–54 (document no. WO 116/4).

13. Several accounts of the life of Christian Davies were published, including
The Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, the British Amazon, Commonly Call'd Mother Ross . . .
(London, 1740); and
Women Adventurers: The Adventure Series,
ed. Menie Muriel Dowie (London, 1893), vol. 15. See also many references in Julie Wheelwright,
Amazons and Military Maids.

14. Stephens, 47.

15.
The Universal Chronicle,
November 3 to November 10, 1759, 359.

16. Stephens provides detailed references for the two later marriages of Hannah Snell and for the life of her son George.

17. The Reverend James Woodforde,
The Diary of a Country Parson,
ed. John Beresford (Oxford, 1924; edition cited, 1981), 224.

18. Stephens quotes the following text from a cutting from an unknown publication of September 14, 1791, found in the British Library (Biographical Adversaria, Add. Man. 5723): “This veteran heroine, who distinguished herself very highly many years ago, by repeated acts of valour, and who served in the navy under the virile habit, is still alive; but it is with regret we inform our readers that she was last week admitted into Bethlem Hospital, being at present a victim of the most deplorable infirmity that can afflict human nature.”

19. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archives: Admission Register and Weekly Committee book for February 11, 1792.

20. Dowie, 139–95.

21. Ibid., 167.

22. Stark has checked out the key events of Mary Anne Talbot's life against army records and Admiralty documents and provides a fully documented account in her book,
Female Tars,
107–10, 190–91. For Talbot's life in the Royal Navy she has examined the muster book of the
Crown,
transport, March–May 1792 (ADM 36/11014); the muster book of the
Brunswick,
March–July 1794 (ADM 36/11176); the muster book of the
Vesuvius,
1793–95 (ADM 36/12698); and the muster book of Haslar Hospital, June–July 1794 (ADM 102/274).

23. The transcript of the trial was printed in Jamaica by Robert Baldwin in 1721. It was entitled
The Tryals of Captain John Rackam, and Other Pirates.
There are two copies bound into the Colonial Office documents relating to Jamaica in the Public Record Office, Kew (CO 137/12).

24. Captain Charles Johnson,
A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, and Also Their Policies, Discipline and Government, from Their First Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, . . . With the Remarkable Actions and Adventures of the Two Female Pyrates, Mary Read and Anne Bonny
(London, 1724). The 1726 edition was enlarged to include more pirates and was printed in two volumes; the full text of this, the most complete edition, is contained in Daniel Defoe,
A General History of the Pyrates,
ed. Manuel Schonhorn (London, 1972). For a commentary on the identity of Captain Johnson and a reprint of the 1725 edition, see Captain Charles Johnson,
A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates,
ed. David Cordingly (London, 1998).

25. See David Cordingly,
Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates
(New York, 1995; published in England under the title
Life among the Pirates,
London, 1995); and Marcus Rediker,
Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750
(Cambridge, 1987). Rediker provides further insights into the lives of the female pirates in “Liberty beneath the Jolly Roger; the lives of Anne Bonny and Mary Read, Pirates,” in
Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700–1920,
ed. Margaret S. Creighton and Lisa Norling (Baltimore and London, 1996), 1–33.

26. The full text of the royal proclamation containing the King's pardon was issued by the governor of Bermuda and will be found among the Colonial Office papers in the Public Record Office (CO 37/10, no. 7 (i).).

27.
The Boston Gazette,
October 10–17, 1720.

28.
The Tryals of John Rackam,
17.

29. Ibid., 19.

30. CO 137/12, no. 78 (i–v), ff. 231–35.

31.
The Tryals of John Rackam,
19.

32. Clinton V. Black,
Pirates of the West Indies
(Cambridge, 1989), 117.

33. Family papers in the collection of descendants.

34.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies
32 (London, HMSO, 1933), 335.

35.
The Boston Gazette,
February 6–13, 1721.

6. Wives in Warships

1.
The Boston Gazette,
October 7, 1811.

2. J. Worth Estes,
Naval Surgeon: Life and Death at Sea in the Age of Sail
(Canton, Mass., 1998), 118–20.

3. Ibid., 145.

4. Harold D. Langley,
A History of Medicine in the Early U.S. Navy
(Baltimore and London, 1995), 190–92.

5. Captain's Orders, HMS
Amazon,
1799, quoted from
Shipboard Life and Organisation, 1731–1815,
ed. B. Lavery (Navy Records Society, Aldershot, U.K., 1998), 160.

6. Ibid., 14.

7. Ibid., 46.

8. Ibid., 58.

9. The Duke of York issued the order on October 29, 1800.
Collection of Regulations and Miscellaneous Orders, 1760–1807,
quoted by Colonel Noel T. St. John Williams,
Judy O'Grady and the Colonel's Lady: The Army Wife and Camp Follower Since 1660
(London, 1988), 17.

10. Ibid., 19.

11. Ibid., 18.

12. For further information on army wives of this period, see Veronica Bamfield,
On the Strength: The Story of the British Army Wife
(London, 1974); George Bell,
Soldier's Glory: Being Rough Notes of an Old Soldier
(London, 1956), 61, 74–75; William Tomkinson,
Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaign, 1809–1815
(1971); Lady de Lancey,
A Week at Waterloo in June 1815
(London, 1906).

13. Lieutenant William Gratton,
Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1809–1814
(London, 1902), 276.

14. ADM 101/102/4, entry for December 8, 1787.

15. ADM 101/102/6, entry for February 5, 1789.

16. ADM 36/11060.

17. Richardson, 139.

18. Ibid., 169.

19. Ibid., 173.

20. ADM 1/5295.

21. ADM 1/5294.

22. ADM 1/5302.

23. ADM 1/5348.

24. Most of the details for this summary of the mutiny on the
Hermione
are taken from Dudley Pope,
The Black Ship
(London, 1963), a fascinating and fully documented account of the events leading up to the mutiny and the subsequent fate of the ship and the mutineers.

25. ADM 6/332, 216–17, minutes of the meeting on August 2, 1803.

26. Henry Baynham,
From the Lower Deck: The Old Navy, 1780–1840
(London, 1969), 27–28.

27. Ibid., 28.

28. ADM 36/14817, muster book of HMS
Goliath,
August 3 to November 30, 1798.

29. Commander W. B. Rowbotham, “The Naval General Service Medal, 1793–1840,”
The Mariner's Mirror,
23 (London, 1937), 366.

30. Daniel McKenzie's name appears in two of the muster books of HMS
Tremendous
for the period covering the Battle of the Glorious First of June. In ADM 36/11658, his name is listed in the muster tables for February, March, and April 1794, as “Daniel McKenzie / Ab,” and again in the muster tables for June 12 to August 2, 1794. In ADM 36/11660, his name appears in the muster table for May 1 to June 30, 1794, with the additional information that he was twenty-seven when he joined the ship and was born in Plymouth.

31. Rowbotham, 366.

32. David Howarth,
Trafalgar: The Nelson Touch
(London, 1969; edition cited, 1972), 219; William Robinson,
Jack Nastyface: Memoirs of a Seaman
(Annapolis, Md., 1973), 57–61.

33. Baynham, 160.

34. Captain W. N. Glascock,
Tales of a Tar
(London, 1836).

35. Thomas Cochrane, tenth Earl of Dundonald, Admiral of the Red,
The Autobiography of a Seaman,
ed. Douglas Cochrane (London, 1890), 365.

36. Ibid., 482.

37. See J. H. Hubback and Edith C. Hubback,
Jane Austen's Sailor Brothers: Being the Adventures of Sir Frances Austen, GCB, Admiral of the Fleet and Rear-Admiral Charles Austen
(London, 1906).

7. Seafaring Heroines

1. Most of the details for the story of Mary Patten are taken from Barbara Jagielski, “Mary Patten: Heroine of the High Seas,” in
Sea Classics,
August 1992, 65–71.

2. From an interview with Mary Patten published in the
New York Daily Tribune,
February 18, 1857, quoted in Jagielski, 70.

3. Jagielski, 70.

4. Letter from the Union Mutual Insurance Company, New York, February 18, 1857, quoted by Jagielski, 70.

5. Joan Druett,
Hen Frigates: Wives of Merchant Captains Under Sail
(New York, 1998), and “Those Female Journals,” in
The Log of Mystic Seaport,
Winter 1989, 115–25.

6. See Phillis Zauner, “Petticoats on the Poop Deck: Those Courageous Bluewater Women,” in
The Compass: The Magazine of the Sea and Air
LXV, 1995, 7; and Druett,
Hen Frigates,
190–91.

7. Druett,
Hen Frigates,
184.

8. Ibid., 39.

8. Whaling Wives

1. Letter from Nantucket dated September, 19, 1808, Nantucket Historical Society.

2.
The Captain's Best Mate: The Journal of Mary Chipman Lawrence on the Whaler Addison 1856–1860,
ed. Stanton Garner (Hanover and London, 1966), xvi.

3. Ibid., xvi.

4.
The Honolulu Friend,
February 1, 1853.

5. Garner, 3.

6. Ibid., 25.

7. Ibid., 209.

8. Quoted by Haskell Springer, “The Captain's Wife at Sea,” in
Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700–1920,
ed. Margaret S. Creighton and Lisa Norling (Baltimore and London, 1996), 95.

9.
She Was a Sister Sailor: The Whaling Journal of Mary Brewster, 1845–1851,
ed. Joan Druett (Mystic, Conn., 1992), 18.

10. Joan Druett, “Those Female Journals,” in
The Log of Mystic Seaport,
Winter 1989, 117.

11. Journal of Henrietta Deblois, November 20, 1856, quoted by Druett,
She Was a Sister Sailor,
6.

12. Springer, 96.

13. Ibid., 113.

14. Druett,
She Was a Sister Sailor,
22.

15. Springer, 110.

16. Druett,
She Was a Sister Sailor,
39.

17. Lisa Norling, “Ahab's Wife: Women and the American Whaling Industry, 1820–1870,” in
Iron Men, Wooden Women,
78.

18. Ibid., 76.

19. Ruth Wallis Herndon, “The Domestic Cost of Seafaring,” in
Iron Men, Wooden Women,
63.

20. Norling, 80.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid., 82.

23. Letter dated November 5, 1871, Nantucket Historical Society.

24. Letter from Captain George Allen to his sister Hannah Marie Smith, August 29, 1859, Nantucket Historical Society.

25. Margaret S. Creighton, “Women and Men in American Whaling, 1830–1870,” in
International Journal of Maritime History
IV, June 1992, 212.

26. Norling, 86.

27. Ibid.

28. Baynham, 89.

29. Norling, 89.

9. Men Without Women

1. All the details of the account of the court-martial of George Newton and Thomas Finley are taken from the transcript of the proceedings in ADM 1/5300.

2. ADM 1/5383.

3. ADM 1/5294.

4. ADM 12/086/28.

5. All the courts-martial for 1800 are listed in ADM 12/086/28. This gives the name of the accused, his ship, the charges, and the punishment.

6.
A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood,
ed. G. L. Newnham Collingwood (London, 1829), 19.

7. Letter written from HMS
Barfleur,
at Torbay, October 4, 1800, in Collingwood, 80.

8. Letter written from HMS
Dreadnought,
off Cádiz, August 21, 1805, in Collingwood, 109.

9. Letter written from HMS
Queen,
off Cartagena, December 16, 1805, in Collingwood, 165.

10. Letter written from Portsmouth, January 30, 1755, in Spinney, 113.

11. Spinney, 113.

12. Letter dated July 22, 1755, in Spinney, 117.