Why the West Rules--For Now (138 page)

famine in,
505

Irene, Empress,
363

iron,
233
,
380
–82,
388
,
521
,
524
,
604

industrialization and,
495
,
497
,
498
,
506
,
510

for tools,
233
,
251
,
395

for weapons,
128
,
276
,
380
,
386
,
403

irrigation,
155
,
181
,
192
,
196
,
200
,
250
,
265
,
286
,
315
,
319
,
360
–61,
389
,
499
,
561

Isabella, Queen,
416
,
430

Ishmael,
351

Isis,
323

Islam,
354
,
361
,
414
,
446
,
563

Christian attacks on,
362
,
372
–73

extremist,
180
,
551
,
603

holiest shrines of,
408

origins of,
349
–52,
357

plague and,
398

scholarship of,
370
,
571
;
see also
Muslims

Isma’ili Shiites,
364
n

Israel,
90
,
97
,
197
,
535
,
605

ancient,
233
,
235
,
246
–48,
262

archaeological sites in,
86
,
88
,
240

Lost Tribes of,
391

Israelites,
200
,
218
,
219
,
234
–35,
247

Italy,
159
,
215
,
225
,
270
,
346
–47,
371
,
392
,
404
,
410
,
467
,
567

archaeological sites in,
59
,
198
,
200
,
289
–90

Goth invasion of,
314
,
317

Habsburgs and,
446
,
461

literacy in,
379

Renaissance,
416
–20,
569
,
575
,
589

social development in,
268

trade of,
275
,
315
,
316
,
365

tribesmen of,
240

Ivan, Tsar (“the Terrible”),
457
,
458
,
460

Jackson, Peter,
53

Jacob,
191
,
199
,
276

Jacobinism,
504

Jacques, Martin,
11
,
589

Jade
Cong
, Age of,
205

Jainism,
254
n
,
255

Jamaica,
485

Jamestown Colony,
465
,
502

Jamuka,
388

Janissaries,
444
,
452

Japan,
32
,
33
,
136
,
160
,
400
,
421
,
440
–43,
450
,
480
,
483
–84,
494
,
567
,
633

ancient,
127
–29

Buddhism in,
342

China and,
15
,
52
,
211
,
306
,
360
,
361
,
411
,
441
–43,
475
,
531
,
533

closing of,
483
–84,
530

during Cold War,
534
,
535

deforestation in,
451

economy of,
11
,
12
,
360
,
406
,
531
,
535
,
543
,
551
,
570
,
584

energy consumption in,
150
,
153
,
630

health in,
538

labor costs in,
501
,
502

opening to West of,
10
,
14
,
483
,
517
–18,
520
–21

Portugal and,
435
,
440
,
442

prehistoric,
68

Russian war with,
17
,
525
–26,
528

social development in,
144
,
150
–51,
153
,
158
,
522
–25,
643

technology in,
597
,
617

in World War II,
17
,
52
,
531
–34,
578
,
579

Jaspers, Karl,
254
–55

Java,
47
,
60
n

Jerf al-Ahmar (Syria),
96
,
101
,
123

Jericho (Palestine),
102
,
104
–105,
129

Jerusalem,
234
,
249
,
348
,
372
–73

Christian Kingdom of,
373

Jesuits,
477
–79

Jesus,
255
,
256
,
324
–26,
348
,
351
,
352
,
372
,
398
,
513

Jews,
365
,
370
,
427
,
472
,
513
,
532