What's Wrong With Fat? (38 page)

94. Paul Campos et al., “The Epidemiology of Overweight and Obesity: Public Health
Crisis or Moral Panic?”
International Journal of Epidemiology
35, no. 1 (2006):
55–60.

95. World Health Organization, “Physical Status,” 313.

96. Gaesser,
Big Fat Lies,
xxiv.

97. For example, Steven N. Blair and Tim S. Church, “The Fitness, Obesity, and Health
Equation: Is Physical Activity the Common Denominator?”
JAMA
292, no. 10
(2004): 1232–34.

98. Ibid. ; Steven N. Blair et al., “Influences of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Other
Precursors on Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Men and
Women,”
JAMA
276, no. 3 (1996): 205–10 ; Steven N. Blair et al., “Changes in
Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy and
Unhealthy Men,”
JAMA
273, no. 14 (1995): 1093–98 ; Ming Wei et al., “Relationship
between Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Mortality in Normal-Weight,
Overweight, and Obese Men,”
JAMA
282, no. 16 (1999): 1547–53.

99. Oliver,
Fat Politics
, 5.

100. Bacon,
Health at Every Size
, 129.

101. Andreas Wimmer, “Elementary Strategies of Ethnic Boundary Making,”
Ethnic
and Racial Studies
31, no. 6 (2008): 1025–55.

102. Association for Size Diversity and Health, “Mission Statement,” ASDAH, http://
www.sizediversityandhealth.org/content.asp?id=4.

103. Association for Size Diversity and Health, “HAES(sm) Principles,” ASDAH,
http://www.sizediversityandhealth.org/content.asp?id=76.

104. Carole Sugarman, “Weight-Loss Movement Gets Thinner,”
Washington Post
, July
8, 1992; Charlotte Cooper,
Fat and Proud: Th
e Politics of Size
(London: Women’s
Press, 1998).

105. Healthy Weight Journal, “Healthy Weight Journal: A 21-Year Legacy,” Healthy
Weight Journal, http://www.healthyweightnetwork.com/journal.htm.

106. Glenn A. Gaesser,
Big Fat Lies
; Paul Campos,
Th
e Obesity Myth: Why America’s
Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health
(New York: Gotham Books,
2004) ; Linda Bacon,
Health at Every Size
; National Association to Advance Fat
Acceptance, “NAAFA: National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance,” NAAFA,
http://www.naafaonline.com/dev2/.

107. Rebecca Puhl and Kelly D. Brownell, “Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity,”
Obesity
Research
9 (2001): 788–805.

108. Center for Consumer Freedom, “An Epidemic of Obesity Myths,” CCF, http://
www.obesitymyths.com/downloads/obesityMyths.pdf.

109. Ali H. Mokdad et al., “Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000,”
JAMA
291, no. 10 (2004): 1238–45. Rick Berman, “Industry Salivates over New Cash
Cow,”
Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, February 23, 2005.

110. CCF, “An Epidemic of Obesity Myths.”

111. For an example of scholarship that portrays anyone who rejects the public health
crisis frame as “food industry critics,” see Antronette K. Yancey, Joanne Leslie, and
Emily K. Abel, “Obesity at the Crossroads: Feminist and Public Health Perspectives,”
Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
31, no. 2 (2006): 427.

112. Nichter,
Fat Talk
; see also Michelle R. Hebl and Todd F. Heatherton, “The Stigma
of Obesity in Women: The Difference Is Black and White,”
Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin
24, no. 4 (1998): 417–26.

113. Joan Gross, “Phat,” in
Fat: Th
e Anthropology of an Obsession
, ed. Don Kulick and
Anne Meneley (New York: Tarcher/Penguin, 2005), 63–76.

114. Janet D. Allan, Kelly Mayo, and Yvonne Michel, “Body Size Values of White and
Black Women,”
Research in Nursing & Health
16, no. 5 (1993): 323–33 ; Becky
W. Thompson,
A Hunger So Wide and So Deep: A Multiracial View of Women’s Eating
Problems
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).

115. Wann e-mail, September 30, 2009.

116. Peter J. Brown, “Culture and the Evolution of Obesity,”
Human Nature
2, no. 1
(1991): 31–57.

117. Stearns,
Fat History
, 11.

118. See also Richard Klein,
Eat Fat
(New York: Pantheon, 1996).

119
.
Erich Goode, “Sex with Informants as Deviant Behavior: An Account and
Commentary,”
Deviant Behavior
20 (1999): 509.

120. Donald Trull, “F.A. Confidential: True Confessions of a Fat Admirer,” Lard Biscuit
Enterprise, http://www.lardbiscuit.com/lard/truefa.html.

121. Michaela A. Null, “Gender and Sexuality as Relational Constructs: Fat Admirers
Negotiate Masculinity through the Terrain of Women’s Bodies” (unpublished
manuscript, 2011), 15.

122. Rebecca Popenoe, “Ideal,” in
Fat: Th
e Anthropology of an Obsession
(see note 111),
19–20.

123. Ibid., 18.

124. Viren Swami and Martin J. Tovée, “Male Physical Attractiveness in Britain and
Malaysia: A Cross-Cultural Study,”
Body Image
2 (2005): 383–93.

125. Tobsha Learner, “Why I Love Getting to Grips with a Fat Man,”
Th
e Times
(London)
, July 10, 2010.

126. Ibid.

127. Ibid.

128. Gross, “Phat,” 73–74.

129. Alex Robertson Textor, “Organization, Specialization and Desires in the Big
Men’s Movement: Preliminary Research in the Study of Subculture-Formation,”
Journal of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Identity
4, no. 3 (1999): 217–39.

130. Truck Mitchell, “Let’s Be Big about This,”
Bulk Male
4, no. 5 (1994): 12 ; quoted in
Textor, “Organization, Specialization and Desires in the Big Men’s Movement,”
225.

131. Les K. Wright, “Introduction: Theoretical Bears,” in
Th
e Bear Book: Readings in the
History and Evolution of a Gay Male Subculture
, ed. Les K. Wright (New York:
Harrington Park Press, 1997) ; quoted in Textor, “Organization, Specialization
and Desires in the Big Men’s Movement,” 230. See also Peter Hennen,
Faeries,
Bears and Leathermen: Men in Community Queering the Masculine
(Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2008).

132. Josée Johnston and Judith Taylor, “Feminist Consumerism and Fat Activists:
A Comparative Study of Grassroots Activism and the Dove Real Beauty
Campaign,”
Signs
33, no. 4 (2008): 941–66.

133. Ibid.

134. Seth Stevenson, “When Tush Comes to Dove: Real Women. Real Curves. Really
Smart Ad Campaign,”
Slate
, August 1, 2005, http://www.slate.com/articles/
business/ad_report_card/2005/08/when_tush_comes_to_dove.html.

135. Gerber,
Seeking the Straight and Narrow
; Abigail C. Saguy and Anna Ward, “Coming
Out as Fat: Rethinking Stigma,”
Social Psychology Quarterly
74, no. 1 (2011): 53–75.

136. Kathleen LeBesco,
Revolting Bodies: The Struggle to Redefine Fat Identity
(Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 2004).

137. Interview with NAAFA founder Bill Fabrey, August 17, 2001.

138. E-mail correspondance with Bill Fabrey, 11/23/09; Karen W. Stimson, “Fat
Feminist Herstory, 1969–1993: A Personal Memoir,”
http://www.eskimo
.com/~largesse/Archives/herstory.htm.

139. Charlotte Cooper, “Fat Activism in Ten Astonishing, Beguiling, Inspiring and
Beautiful Episodes,” in
Fat Studies in the UK
, ed. Corinna Tomrley and Ann
Kaloski (York, England: Raw Nerve Books, 2009): 19-31.

140. Lynn Mabel-Louis and Alderbaren, “Fat Women and Women’s Fear of Fat,” in
Shadow on a Tightrope
, ed. Lisa Schoenfielder and Barb Wieser (Iowa City, IA:
Aunt Lute Book Company, 1983), 55.

141. Cooper,
Fat and Proud
.

142. National Organization for Lesbians Of SizE, “Who We Are,” NOLOSE, http://
www.nolose.org/about/who.php.

143. Ibid.

144. Charlotte Cooper, “The Story of the Chubsters” (paper presented at the annual
meeting of the National Popular Culture & American Culture Associations, New
Orleans, LA, April 11, 2009).

145. Ibid., 4–5.

146. Textor, “Organization, Specialization and Desires in the Big Men’s Movement.”

147. Janna L. Fikkan and Esther Rothblum, “Is Fat a Feminist Issue? Exploring the
Gendered Nature of Weight Bias,”
Sex Roles
66, no. 9 (2011): 575–92.

148. Ibid. Tara Shuai et al., “A Response to White Fat Activism from People of Color in
the Fat Justice Movement,” NOLOSE,
http://www.nolose.org/activism/POC
.php.

149. Jeffery Sobal, “The Size Acceptance Movement and the Construction of Body
Weight,” in
Interpreting Weight: The Social Management of Fatness and Th
inness
,
ed. Jeffery Sobal and Donna Maurer (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1999), 231–
49. Oliver,
Fat Politics
.

150. Anna Kirkland, “Think of the Hippopotamus: Rights Consciousness in the Fat
Acceptance Movement,”
Law and Society Review
42, no. 2 (2008): 397–431 ; Saguy
and Riley, “Weighing Both Sides.”

151. Tobin Siebers, “In the Name of Pain,” in
Against Health
(see note 57), 183–94;
Robert McRuer,
Crip Th
eory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability
(New York:
New York University Press, 2006).

152. Personal correspondence, February 2009.

153. Robert Crawford, “Healthism and the Medicalization of Everyday Life,”
International Journal of Health Services
10 (1980): 365–88 ; Charles Edgley and
Dennis Brissett, “Health Nazis and the Cult of the Perfect Body: Some Polemic
Observations,”
Symbolic Interaction
13, no. 2 (1990): 257–79.

154. Cooper, “The Story of the Chubsters.”

155. Erin Kelly and Frank Dobbin, “How Affirmative Action Became Diversity
Management,”
American Behavioral Scientist
41, no. 7 (1998): 960–84.

156
.
R. M. Puhl, T. Andreyeva, and K. D. Brownell, “Perceptions of Weight
Discrimination: Prevalence and Comparison to Race and Gender Discrimination
in America,”
International Journal of Obesity
32 (2008): 992–1000. Tealer also
drew on Linda Bacon’s research to argue that an emphasis on dieting was coun
terproductive, and it is more productive to focus on “health at every size,” which
led to a critical discussion of employee-based wellness programs. This is an
example of how the fat rights movement draws both on the health at every size
and on the fat rights frames.

157. Geraldine M. Budd et al., “Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes about Obesity:
An Integrative Review,”
Applied Nursing Research
24 (2011): 127–37 ; Christina
C. Wee et al., “Screening for Cervical and Breast Cancer: Is Obesity an
Unrecognized Barrier to Preventive Care?”
Annals of Internal Medicine
132, no. 9
(2000): 697–704.

158. B. S. McEwen and A. E. Mirsky, “How Socioeconomic Status May ‘Get under the
Skin’ and Affect the Heart,”
European Journal of Medicine
338, no. 3 (2002): 171–
79 ; Jean-Pierre Roy, “Socioeconomic Status and Health: A Neuro-Biological
Perspective,”
Medical Hypotheses
62, no. 2 (2004): 222–27 ; Peter Muennig and
Kara Keating Bench, “Obesity-Associated Stigma and Physiological Markers of
Stress: Evidence from the Dominican Republic,”
Stress and Health
25 (2008):
241–46 ; Peter Muennig, Haomiao Jia, and Erica Lubetkin, “I Think Therefore I
Am: Perceived Ideal Weight as a Determinant of Health,”
American Journal of
Public Health
98, no. 3 (2008): 501–6 ; Peter Muennig, “The Body Politic: The
Relationship between Stigma and Obesity-Associated Disease,”
BMC Public
Health
8, no. 1 (2008): 128–38.

159. Muennig, Jia, and Lubetkin, “I Think Therefore I Am.”

160. American Psychological Association Public Interest Government Relations
Office,
Recommendations to Prevent Youth Obesity and Disordered Eating
(Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2008).

161. Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, “Who We Are,” Yall Rudd Center for
Food Policy & Obesity, http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/who_we_are.aspx.