Vitals (4 page)

"They hate being told that," Montoya said. He looked at me squarely. "How are your theories any more convincing?"

2 6

"I won't turn you into a corpsicle and hope somebody knows how to fix you in a hundred years. I won't shave you down neuron by neuron, then upload you into some memory bank no one has even begun to design. I can begin to increase our life span in the next few years, with minimal intervention. If you and I want to stay young and healthy longer," I said, closing in, "our only hope is medical maintenance, keeping our bodies vigorous. Specifically, mitochondrial chromosome adjustment."

"Beck turned red when I told him I was meeting with you," Montoya said. "He said you were insufferably arrogant. He said you were rehashing theories proven wrong back in the 1920s. I thought about asking Betty to fetch him a spit-cup."

"There's a lot of passion there," I said. Gus and Phil were my rivals and might have called me a fool once or twice, but they deserved a modicum of respect, even from a man as wealthy as Montoya.

"I agree, they're way off track," Montoya said. "They'll never see the promised land. I've read your papers. I like them. Tell me more."

"That's new," Dave said, swiveling the DSV and shining our upper bank of floods on a clump of tube worms. Beyond the worms, the sub's lights shimmered through white clouds like old, chalky paint: a bacteria-rich spring, small in diameter but productive.

"Let's see." He sidled the sub in a few meters. I pulled down my data glove, feeling the plastic limiter box click into place, guided a sensor-laden mechanical arm, and pushed a probe into the spring outflow.

"Shove it, shove that old rectal thermometer right into the Earth's fundament" Dave said with another leer. He wasn't funny. "Eighty-six degrees Celsius," he said.

"Congratulations."

"I'm just the pilot," he said matter-of-factly. "You're the researcher. You'll get the credit."

Montoya listened to my presentation for two hours. We broke for a quick dinner--crab cakes and stir-fried vegetables, served with an excellent Oregon pi not gris. We were studying each other, and neither of us was willing to reveal too much. Looking a little glazed, he called a break at 10:00 P.M. Betty Shun appeared to take me on a tour of the house while Montoya fielded some phone calls.

The glass wall fronted the east wing. The west wing ended in a boat launch built into the native rock of another cove. It easily doubled what had at first seemed merely huge. The floor plan of Montoya Fortress of Solitude had to total a hundred thousand square feet--two and a third acres, topped by wind-winnowed forest, the air conditioner vents camouflaged as tree stumps and the condensers as moss-covered boulders.

"Don't try to take this tour on your own, Dr. Cousins," Shun warned me on the clay floor of an indoor tennis court. "Without a permission wand, you'll be locked in the first room you enter." She held up a tiny plastic bar. "Security will have to come and save you." She looked at her wristwatch. "Owen doesn't need a wand. The house recognizes him on sight. His steps, his voice--"

"His DNA?"

She smiled and tapped her watch. "Owen should be ready now. We are exactly 115 feet from him, as the laser flies." She gave me a look that might have spoken volumes, but I was unable to open, much less read, any of them. "Why were you let go from your last research job?"

"At Stanford?"

She nodded.

"Money ran out in my department. I was junior."

"Wasn't there some dispute?"

"A few of the faculty disagreed with my work. But my papers still get published, Ms. Shun. I am still a reputable scientist."

"Owen is fond of oddball thinking, and even fonder of tweaking academic whiskers. But I hate to see him disappointed, Dr. Cousins."

"Hal."

She shook her head politely; keep it business. "Owen needs something to commit to. Something solid."

Betty Shun left me with Montoya on the west wing's biggest porch, overlooking the boat cove. It was eleven-thirty. We talked pleasantries for a while and listened to the splash of the waves, blankets over our legs, sipping from chilled glasses of draft beer, our heads warmed by radiant heaters. Did I like baseball? Montoya owned a baseball team in Minneapolis. I conversed as much about baseball as I could, having read USA Today in the Hotel W that afternoon.

Then Montoya drew back to our main topic.

"You don't say much about reduced caloric intake," he said. "According to most experts, that's the only anti aging technique proven to work."

"It's just the tip of the iceberg," I said.

"You haven't sunk your harpoon yet, Hal. I need to know more-much more." He smiled wearily. Make or break.

1 put my glass on the center table and leaned forward. "The real problem is that we breathe. We respire. We accumulate poisons over time because of the way we burn fuel. We're part of a vast biological conspiracy, billions of years old, and we have to shake ourselves loose and grab the reins."

"You've experimented on yourself, haven't you?" Montoya asked.

"I'd rather keep some things confidential until we firm up a relationship."

"You have experimented," he said, brooking no dissent. "You've injected yourself with virus shells delivering modified genes, but nobody knows which genes, nobody on my payroll, anyway."

"I've taken one or two things beyond the theoretical stage," I admitted.

Montoya lifted his eyes to meet mine. "And?"

"Obviously, I didn't screw it up too badly. I'm still here. But it's just the beginning," I said. "Until I know why individual obsolescence took hold a few billion years ago, I'm still going to grow old and die. And so will you."

I was still being vague, and I knew it. The sweat under my armpits chafed.

"So far we've been dancing around the center. It's been a great dance, but I need something more. I've signed your NDA, Hal." Montoya smiled, putting on the patented charm that had brought him so far in the business world. "Give me a hint what's behind door number one. It'll be worth a few days on my ship, gratis. I'll put that in writing, too, if you want."

"No need," I said, swallowing.

"I'm all ears. I have all night."

"It won't take that long," I said, mentally arranging my cue cards. This was probably going to be the most important speech of my life. "I start by altering a few genes in E. coli, common gut bacteria." I tapped my abdomen. "Then I modify a few of my own genes ..."

"Radical gene therapy," Montoya mused.

"Some call it that," I said. "But it's just baby steps to solving an ancient murder mystery. Who designed us to die, and why? It turns out we're being betrayed by cellular organelles, little organs, called mitochondria. Mitochondria make ATP. ATP is the molecule our cells use to store and release energy. Once upon a time, mitochondria were bacteria. We know that because they have their own little loops of DNA, like bacterial chromosomes."

SO

He watched me intently. "Respiration ... seems pretty important. Breathing, using oxygen, right?"

I nodded.

"So why do we let old bacteria do that for us?" "Mitochondria used to live free, a few billion years ago. Then they invaded primitive host cells, became parasites. Eventually, the hosts-our one-celled ancestors--found that the invaders had a talent. They were eight times better at converting sugar molecules into ATP. We formed a symbiotic partnership. The mitochondria became essential. Now, we can't live without them."

"And mitochondria tell us when to grow old and die?"

"They have a big say."

He pinched and tugged his earlobe. "Explain."

"The mitochondria turn state's evidence. Kind of a fifth column. They monitor our stress levels, track our physical and mental health, and pass that information on to tiny bacteria hiding in our tissues."

"We have germs in our tissues?" Montoya asked, frowning. "Doesn't the immune system clean them out?"

"Some bacteria burrow deep and hide out for years. They trigger diseases like atherosclerosis--clogging the arteries."

"So what if I just spend my life relaxing? No stress."

"Everything we do causes different kinds of stress," I said. "You can't stay healthy without some stress. But if we fail at our job, if we're unlucky in love, if we get sick, if we're feeling angry or frustrated or sad, our bodies fill with stress hormones. Bacteria and viruses mount challenges to our immune system, and the immune system is more likely to fail. But even if the immune system doesn't fail, over time, for some reason, we don't recover as quickly. We accumulate genetic errors in our cells. We deteriorate. We get weaker. The mitochondria! network reads these signs and reports to the deep-tissue bacteria, and the whole conspiracy tattles to the bugs in our gut. The bugs, in turn, tell the mitochondria to work less efficiently. That's the

3 I

ultimate cause of aging. Together, they act as judge, jury, and ultimately, executioner."

"That's a lot to swallow all at once," Montoya said. "I'm skeptical about bacteria communicating and cooperating. Don't they just grow and eat randomly?"

"What kind of toothbrush do you use?" I asked.

Montoya shook his head, puzzled. "Does it matter?"

"Just tell me."

"A Sonodyne. I've got a big investment in the company."

"It uses high-frequency vibrating bristles, right?"

"Yeah."

"There are over five hundred different kinds of bacteria in our mouths," I said. "Not all of them cause cavities. Some repel or destroy their disease-causing cousins. A healthy mouth is more like the Amazon jungle than a Listerine commercial."

Montoya puffed into his palm and sniffed the result. "Do I offend?" he asked, smiling.

I smiled back. "Not at all. But some of them stick to each other and cement themselves to your teeth. After a while, they build up layers of bacterial architecture on your enamel. Dentists call it plaque. It's a community of cooperating bacteria of many different kinds--a bio film The Sonodyne vibrates the bio film until it falls apart--breaks the cement the bacteria use to fasten to the teeth. In essence, you're demolishing their houses and shaking them up so bad they can't even talk."

"Look, Ma, no cavities," Montoya said.

"Other bacterial communities colonize your skin, your mucus membranes, and, of course, your gut, where they perform essential digestive services." I could sense myself overstepping the bounds of what my angel might want to hear. "There are so many bacteria in your intestines that even people who are starving excrete feces--made up mostly of bacteria."

"Wow," Montoya said. "Gossip in the big germ city. But if we're so important to them, why try to bring us down?"

"A herd of antelopes sheds the old and tired to make way for the young and fit. Lions prune the herd like a rosebush. The lions may act like killers, but actually they're partners with a big investment in the health of the herd. Bacteria are more than just important partners--they're the most successful predators of all. We're their herd. Aging and death is one way to keep the herd fresh and healthy."

"So, how do bacteria cause aging?" Montoya asked, leaning forward and moving his tongue over his lips.

"Bacteria in our gut produce quantities of a tiny protein I call hades" Now I was really sweating. "Our tissues open special receptors, coded for in genes I believe once came from mitochondrial chromosomes. Hades creeps in. It winds up a molecular clock days or weeks after we're born. With each tick of the clock, the bacteria increase the amount of hades they import into our tissues. Hades alters the way mitochondria work--jams them up, makes them convert ATP with less efficiency. We accumulate the resulting oxidants and free radicals, byproducts of respiration that damage our DNA. Our cells can't repair the damage. We start to lose our youthful resilience. We grow old."

Montoya held up his hand and rubbed a few small, liver-colored patches on the back. "Age spots," he said. "And I'm not that old. So what's in it for the bacteria?"

"There's a pot of gold waiting for them. Eventually, we get so weak, so full of genetic errors, that disease or cancer finishes us off. Then, the bacteria have an orgy. They feast like retainers eating a dead king."

"Jesus," Montoya said, and clenched his hand into a fist.

"That's the work I'll be publishing in a few months, communication between E. coli and mitochondria in human intestinal cells. I'm leaving out the news about hades for now."

"We could just kill all our bacteria. Wipe them out with radiation or something. Live in a sterile environment."

"They tried that in the nineteen twenties, and it didn't work," I said. "The fact is, we're designed to die. The molecular clock also acts like a de adman switch. Without bacteria, we go on aging anyway-only faster. A certain amount of hades may serve double duty--if we're active and productive, it may even reset the timer on the clock. It may also help repair genetic damage. Without hades, old viruses in our DNA start popping up and antagonizing our immune system. We become more prone to cancer or autoimmune disease."

"Like a time bomb," Montoya said. "Awful. I assume you've found a way to defuse it?"

"I'm close. The solution isn't simple, but it involves training bacteria to pump in just the right amount of hades, at the right times-not too much, and not too little. And we have to jam the tattletale signals from our mitochondria. I'm pretty sure I can fool our bacterial partners into turning back our clocks. We live longer--maybe a lot longer."

Montoya flexed his fingers and compressed his lips with something like satisfaction. "Why go against the wisdom of nature?" he asked softly, fixing me with a limpid stare. "Why live longer than the 'judges' want us to?"

"We're big kids now. We made fire. We made antibiotics. Did the bacteria give us permission to go to the moon? We're ready to take charge and be responsible for our own destiny. Screw the old ways."

Montoya grinned. "I've never tried to think like a germ."

"I do it all the time," I said. "It's enlightening."

Montoya made a face. "A whole new view of human existence," he said. "Makes me dizzy."