Victory at Yorktown (47 page)

F
ONER,
P
HILIP
S
.
Blacks in the American Revolution.
Contributions in American History, No. 55. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.

F
REEMAN,
D
OUGLAS
S
OUTHALL.
George Washington.
Vol. 5,
Victory with the Help of France.
New York: Scribner's, 1952.

G
OTTSCHALK,
L
OUIS.
Lafayette and the Close of the American Revolution.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.

———.
Lafayette in America, 1777–1783.
L'Esprit de Lafayette Society of Arvoyres, France: 1975. (Copyright University of Chicago.)

G
RUBER,
I
RA
D
.,
ed.
John Peebles' American War.
Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1998.

J
OHNSTON,
H
ENRY
P
.
The Yorktown Campaign and Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781.
New York: Harper, 1881.

K
ENNEDY,
P
AUL.
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000.
New York: Random House, 1987.

K
ENNETT,
L
EE.
The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.

K
ETCHUM,
R
ICHARD
M
.
Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill.
New York: Owl Books, 1999.

———.
Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War.
New York: Holt, 1997.

K
IERNER,
C
YNTHIA.
Traders and Gentlefolk: The Livingstons of New York, 1675–1790.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.

L
ANDERS,
C
OLONEL
H
.
L
.
The Virginia Campaign and the Blockade and Siege of Yorktown, 1781.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931.

L
ARRABEE,
H
AROLD.
Decision at the Chesapeake.
New York: Clarkson Potter, 1964.

L
EAKE,
I
SAAC
Q
.
Memoir of the Life and Times of General John Lamb.
Albany: Joel Munsell, 1850.

L
EWIS,
C
HARLES
L
EE.
Admiral de Grasse and American Independence.
Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1945.

L
OSSING,
B
.
J
.
Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution.
2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1860.

L
OUGHREY,
M
ARY
E
LLEN.
France and Rhode Island, 1686–1800.
New York: King's Crown Press, 1944.

L
UMPKIN,
H
ENRY.
From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South.
New York: Paragon House, 1987.

M
ACKESY,
P
IERS.
The War for America, 1775–1783.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.

M
AHAN,
A
LFRED
T
HAYER.
The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence.
Boston: Little Brown, 1913.

M
C
C
ULLOUGH,
D
AVID.
John Adams.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.

M
ORRIS,
R
ICHARD
B
.
The American Revolution Reconsidered.
New York: Harper and Row, 1967.

P
ANCAKE,
J
OHN
S
.
This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780–1782.
University, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1985.

R
ANDALL,
W
ILLARD
S
TERNE.
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor.
New York: Morrow, 1990.

S
CHEER,
G
EORGE
F
.
“The Sergeant Major's Strange Mission.”
American Heritage
8, no. 6 (Oct. 1957).

S
HREVE,
L
.
G
.
Tench Tilghman: The Life and Times of Washington's Aide-de-Camp.
Centreville, Md.: Tidewater, 1982.

S
IMPSON,
A
LAN.
“The French in Newport: Paying Guests or Free-Loaders?”
Newport History
56 (summer 1983).

S
TEVENS,
J
OHN
A
.
“The French in Rhode Island.”
Magazine of American History
3 no. 7 (July 1879).

T
HAYER,
T
HEODORE.
Nathanael Greene: Strategist of the American Revolution.
New York: Twayne, 1960.

T
HOMAS,
P
ETER
D
.
G
.
Lord North.
New York: St. Martin's, 1976.

T
UCHMAN,
B
ARBARA
W
.
The First Salute.
New York: Knopf, 1988.

V
AN
D
OREN,
C
ARL.
Benjamin Franklin.
New York: Viking, 1938.

———.
Secret History of the American Revolution.
New York: Viking, 1941.

W
ALKER,
A
NTHONY.
So Few the Brave: Rhode Island Continentals, 1775–1783.
Newport, R.I.: Seafield Press, 1981.

W
ARD,
C
HRISTOPHER.
The Delaware Continentals, 1776–1783.
Wilmington, Del.: Historical Society of Delaware, 1941.

———.
The War of the Revolution.
2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1952.

W
HITRIDGE,
A
RNOLD.
Rochambeau.
New York: Macmillan, 1965.

W
ILLCOX,
W
ILLIAM
B
.
Portrait of a General: Sir Henry Clinton in the War of Independence.
New York: Knopf, 1964.

W
RIGHT,
E
SMOND.
Franklin of Philadelphia.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Reference Sources

B
OATNER,
M
ARK
M
AYO,
III
.
Encyclopedia of the American Revolution.
New York: David McKay, 1966.

G
ARRATY,
J
OHN, AND
M
ARK
C
ARNES,
eds.
American National Biography.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999

Webster's Biographical Dictionary.
Springfield, Mass.: Merriam, 1965.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Some years ago my friend Stephen Ward Sears, historian of the Civil War, urged me to write about the Yorktown campaign. That it has taken me so long to act on his suggestion does not diminish my gratitude to him.

As with my other books, I have enjoyed welcome offers of hand-holding and assistance from members of my family—particularly from my wife, Barbara Bray Ketchum, who has been unflagging in her support; as well as our daughter, Liza Ketchum, and her husband, John Straus; our son, Thomas Bray Ketchum, and his wife, Pauline; our two oldest grandsons, Derek and Ethan Murrow (the latter investigated some important terrain in the South for me and provided photographs and descriptions); and my sister, Janet Whitehouse, who has a boundless enthusiasm for history.

It is immensely gratifying to have what amounts to a cheering section of people who wish you well, offer to help, or have a friendly interest in the project. Among them are Frederick Buechner, Harvey Carter, John O. Chesley, Jr., Austin Chinn (who informed me that the word
bullet
was used as early as the fifteenth century), Art Cohn, Rudyard Colter, Jan Crowley, Osborne Day, Castle Freeman, Robert Frothingham, John Hand, Jonathan Harwell, Robert Harwell III, Francis W. Hatch, Hervie Haufler, Gina Johnson, David S. Ketchum, J. Robert Maguire, David McCullough, Lex Nason, Rhoda Nason, Thomas O'Brien, Louise Ransom, Frank Smallwood, Richard Snow, Nicholas Westbrook, Corinna Wildman, Wallace Zellmer, as well as Michael Oltedal and Nancy Oltedal, who helped to unravel what are to me profound computer mysteries.

A special word of thanks goes to four friends without whose assistance this work would have taken even longer: Pauline Dunbar, Robert Matteson, Daniel O'Leary, and Virginia Pearson.

I benefited immensely from the staff at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History—first, when that remarkable collection of documents was housed at the Morgan Library, where Leslie Fields gave me invaluable assistance; and second, when the collection was moved to the New-York Historical Society, and I was so ably aided by Sandy Trenholm and Lauren Eisenberg. At the institute, Lesley Herrmann was a staunch supporter.

Much assistance was forthcoming from the Colonial National Historical Park in Yorktown, Virginia, chiefly from Karen Rehm, Diane Depew, and Chris Bryce. Thanks to my old friend Margot Waite, I got in touch with a number of very helpful people in Providence, Rhode Island, notably Karen Eberhart and Robin Flynn at the Rhode Island Historical Society. In Newport I was assisted as well by Bert Lippincott at the Newport Historical Society; and by Sally Small, Daphne Dirlam, and Carol Cummins. And Connell Gallagher, at the University of Vermont, Special Collections, did a great favor.

Quite unexpectedly, I heard from Allen Breed, who is with the Associated Press in North Carolina. He is a descendant of the family that owned Breed's Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, where the battle of June 17, 1775, was fought, and has a lively interest in history. Through him, I obtained a number of useful papers dealing with the Yorktown campaign.

Michael Blow, a friend and former colleague, whose family once owned a substantial property in Yorktown, generously loaned me several hard-to-find books dealing with the town and the campaign.

Once again, Peter Drummey, the librarian at the Massachusetts Historical Society, was exceedingly helpful in guiding me to sources of information. I am also indebted to Margaret Heilbrun, formerly of the New-York Historical Society, for assistance at that splendid institution.

As usual, my agent, Carl Brandt, was a source of support and cheerful encouragement. My editor, John Macrae, who always astonishes me with his acute knowledge of American history, has my gratitude for his incisive comments and suggestions.

As ever, members of the staff at the excellent Northshire Book Store in Manchester Center, Vermont—especially Barbara Morrow and Bill Lewis—were very supportive.

Alison Macalady was extremely helpful in the preparation of a dramatis personae.

It goes without saying that responsibility for any flaws or errors in the book rests entirely with me, not with these unfailingly generous people.

INDEX

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

Abercrombie, Robert

abatis

Adams, Abigail

Adams, John

Affleck, Edmund

Agénois regiment

Albany, New York

Allen, Ethan

allied armies

American wing

and British surrender at Yorktown

French wing

journey to Yorktown

moving south

siege of Yorktown

see also
American army; French army

Ambler, Betsy

America

division in

French exploring

American/Continental army

back pay for deserters (proposed)

and British surrender at Yorktown

condition of

desertions

disbanded

discontent

few willing to join

food for

and French alliance

and French navy

French officers on

heading south

lack of necessities

leaving Yorktown

losses at Yorktown

malcontents of

meeting of officers of

men dismissed

morale

moving south

mutiny

only entity with leaders

pay owed to

and planned attack on New York

reclaiming Manhattan

reduced to remnants

in review

siege of Yorktown

size of

in South

troop levies

Washington comander in chief of

in Yorktown

American legion

American officers

deterioration of

morale

motivation

American Peace Commission

American Revolution

Americans' attitudes toward

end of

French alliance effect on

lack of support for

largest single loss in

naval action determining outcome of

significance of

Washington and

Americans

atitude toward military

attitudes toward the war

characteristics of

Anderson, Alexander

André, John

death of

death sentence

trial

Annapolis

Anspach regiments

Antilles current

Apthorpe, Captain

Arbuthnot, Marriot

and Clinton

succeeded by Graves

Armstrong, John

Arnold, Benedict

in attack on Quebec

command sent to Portsmouth