Tudor (69 page)

20
.
  
Simon Thurley,
The Royal Palaces of Tudor England
(1993), p. 31.

21
.
  
CSPS
1 (176).

22
.
  
Thurley,
Royal Palaces
, pp. 35, 36.

23
.
  
S. B. Chrimes,
Henry VII
(1999). This contemporary description is quoted in full on pp. 302, 303.

24
.
  
Okerlund,
Elizabeth of York
, pp. 185, 186, 204.

25
.
  
See
http://www.historyextra.com/henrypicture
.

26
.
  
It may be coincidence but it was in 1502, the year Arthur died, that Henry paid for a rich chasuble and two altar fronts for the cathedral at Vannes, which had the shrine to St Vincent Ferrer. Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII', in op. cit., n. 4, p. 113.

13
   
Death and Judgement

  
1
.
  
CSPS
1, 295. Henry, Duke of York was made Prince of Wales in 1503.

  
2
.
  
J. Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
(1997), p. 7.

  
3
.
  
It is mentioned in the Scottish Treasury accounts of January 1507.
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland 1473–1513
(eds T. Dickson and J. B. Paul) (1877–1902), Vol. 3, p. 250, cols i–iv.

  
4
.
  
Fiona Kisby, ‘A Mirror of Monarchy: Music and Musicians in the Household Chapel of the Lady Margaret Beaufort, Mother of Henry VII' in
Early Music History, Vol. 16
(ed Iain Fenlon) (1997), pp. 225, 227.

  
5
.
  
Spanish ambassador Don Pedro de Ayala, quoted in Macdougall,
James IV
, p. 283.

  
6
.
  
Maria Perry,
The Sisters of Henry VIII: The Tumultuous Lives of Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France
(1999), p. 44.

  
7
.
  
Condon, ‘The Last Will of Henry VII' in op. cit., p. 133. Interestingly,
given what followed under Henry VIII, his will also invested in a silver gilt image of himself, to be placed in the shrine at Canterbury of Thomas Becket. On it were to be the words ‘Saint Thomas Intercede for Me'. Another image of Henry, similar in scale, was to be placed at the famous shrine to the Virgin at Walsingham, where he had prayed for victory against the pretender Lambert Simnel.

  
8
.
  
Twenty-nine such copes were bequeathed to the abbey in 1509. A hundred years later only eleven were left, which the Puritans burned in 1643. The Jesuits had, however, removed some before 1608 and one set survives. It belongs to the Jesuit college at Stoneyhurst and celebrates the houses of Beaufort and Lancaster with its embroidered portcullis surmounted by a crown and the border representing the Lancaster SS collar worn by Margaret Beaufort's grandfather on his tomb.

  
9
.
  
Testamenta vetusta
in op. cit., p. 430.

10
.
  
As the twentieth-century novelist T. H. White romantically translated Thomas Malory's ‘
REX QUONDAM, REXQUE FUTURUS
'.

11
.
  
Thomas Penn,
Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England
(2012), pp. 166, 167.

12
.
  
Vergil,
Anglica Historia
, p. 129.

13
.
  
It was to their father, the late John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, that Margaret Beaufort had been betrothed before she was married to Edmund Tudor. If he had married her instead of Edward IV's sister (another Elizabeth), the story of his children's lives might have been very different.

14
.
  
CSPS
1 (552).

15
.
  
Jones and Underwood,
The Making of the Tudor Dynasty
, p. 89.

16
.
  
Margaret Aston, ‘Death' in
Fifteenth-Century Attitudes
(ed R. Horrox) (1994), p. 203.

17
.
  
Starkey,
Henry
, p. 264.

18
.
  
Sydney Anglo,
Images of Tudor Kingship
(1992) p. 100.

19
.
  
This comment of Fisher's is usually misunderstood and given a
political rather than the religious meaning intended. Henderson, ‘Rethinking Henry VII', pp. 333, 334.

20
.
  
Ibid., p. 331. Henry had already paid for 10,000 or more Masses to be said during the previous three Lenten seasons, for his health, soul and family.

21
.
  
Hall,
Chronicle
, in
English Historical Documents Vol. 5 1485–1558
(ed David Douglas) (1967), p. 146.

22
.
  
I wonder if this influenced the Hastings chantry at Windsor instituting prayers for the souls of Edward IV's children in 1504.

23
.
  
More's
The History of Richard III
can be seen at
http://www.r3.org/bookcase/more/moretext.html
. It offers a detailed account (or ‘story') of the murder of the princes.

14
   
Exit Margaret Beaufort

  
1
.
  
Tuberculosis is a slow killer that induces fatigue, and the genitourinary tract is the most common site, after the lungs, for infection. This is turn can spread to the testes, as it may have done in Arthur's case.

  
2
.
  
Craig, ‘Royalty, Virtue, and Adversity: The Cult of King Henry VI' in op. cit., p. 199.

  
3
.
  
Giles Tremlett,
Catherine of Aragon
(2010), p. 164.

  
4
.
  
Henry was dressed in a costume of red and gold, furred with ermine and studded with rubies, diamonds, pearls and emeralds.

  
5
.
  
John Fisher,
A Mourning Remembrance of Margaret, Countess of Richmond
(1509).

  
6
.
  
According to the later cardinal, Reginald Pole, whose parents' marriage Margaret had arranged, her last words were to commend Henry to Fisher's guidance (Margaret Beaufort arranged the marriage of Margaret Plantagenet, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, to her nephew of the half-blood Richard Pole).

7
.
  
It is now in the British Library.

Part Two

INHERITANCE: THE LEGACY OF ARTHUR

15
   
The Elder Sister: Margaret, Queen of Scots

  
1
.
  
Margaret McIntyre, ‘Tudor Family Politics in Early Sixteenth-Century Scotland' in
History, Literature and Music in Scotland 700–1560
(ed R. Andrew McDonald) (2002), p. 198.

  
2
.
  
L&P
1, Pt I (1775).

  
3
.
  
William Shakespeare,
Henry V
, Act 4, Scene 3.

  
4
.
  
Suzannah Lipscomb,
1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII
(2009), p. 32; and the ‘better things' were like what the English victory at Shakespeare's Agincourt would ensure: ‘From this day until the ending of the world/But we in it shall be remember'd.' Shakespeare,
Henry V
, Act 4, Scene 3.

  
5
.
  
Tremlett,
Catherine of Aragon
, p. 194.

  
6
.
  
‘Such large . . .':
L&P
1 (2283); ‘with many muckle . . .': John Sadler and Stephen Walsh,
Flodden 1513: Scotland's Greatest Defeat
(2006), p. 76. Priests were not supposed to spill blood, but in the Middle Ages they had often argued to their own satisfaction that it was permissible to fight with a mace and bludgeon their enemy, rather than cut with a sword.

  
7
.
  
The words were written in the eighteenth century.

  
8
.
  
The Royal Arms of Scotland are ‘a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure, within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second'.

  
9
.
  
J. Leslie,
History of Scotland
(1895), p. 95. James IV's body was identified by Thomas, Lord Dacre who knew the king well. Henry VIII also reported the king was found dead on the battlefield. But an Italian heard that James had been captured only to die of his wounds within the hour:
CSPV
2 (332). He was, perhaps, not quite dead when his body was found. In Scotland rumours would later circulate that he was still alive and in hiding.

10
.
  
L&P
1 (2246).

11
.
  
L&P
1, Pt II (2283–84); Macdougall,
James IV
, pp. 274, 275, 276. For King Henry reporting death of James IV,
CSPM
1 (655).

12
.
  
L&P
1 (2460).

13
.
  
L&P
1 (4451).

14
.
  
CSPV
2 (316).

15
.
  
CSPV
2 (309),
CSPS 2
(142). For the fate of James' body see Appendix 1.

16
.
  
L&P
2 (2440).

17
.
  
L&P
1, Pt II (2973). Reported by Lord Dacre to Henry VIII. I have modernised the English. James IV had done much to restore law and order to Scotland, but the violence had returned worse than ever.

18
.
  
His father had died at Flodden.

19
.
  
Bishop Leslie, quoted in Caroline Bingham,
James V King of Scots
(1971), p. 32 and William Kevin Emond, ‘The Minority of James V 1513–1528', PhD diss., St Andrews (1988), p. 24.

20
.
  
Erin A. Sadlack,
The French Queen's Letters
(2011), p. 156.

16
   
The Younger Sister: Mary, The French Queen

  
1
.
  
‘Narrative of the visit of the duke de Najera' in
Archaeologia
33 (1831), p. 350.

  
2
.
  
CSPV
2 (500);
L&P
2 (395).

  
3
.
  
L&P
2 (227).

  
4
.
  
L&P
2 (327).

  
5
.
  
L&P
2 (228).

  
6
.
  
CSPV
2, pp. 211, 496; Perry,
Sisters
, pp. 141, 142.

  
7
.
  
Michael Sherman, ‘Pomp and Circumstances: Pageantry, Politics, and Propaganda in France during the Reign of Louis XII, 1498–1515' in
The Sixteenth Century Journal
(winter 1978), p. 26.

  
8
.
  
L&P
1, Pt II (3416); Perry,
Sisters
, p. 144.

  
9
.
  
Walter C. Richardson,
Mary Tudor, The White Queen
(1970), p. 113.

10
.
  
Ibid., p. 126.

11
.
  
Henry's future daughter Elizabeth would similarly want to know about the appearance of Mary, Queen of Scots, and how they compared. She inherited her infamous vanity from her father.
L&P
2 (411).

12
.
  
L&P
2 (222).

13
.
  
L&P
2 (224).

14
.
  
L&P
2 (226) (227); Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, pp. 174, 175.

15
.
  
Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 173.

16
.
  
L&P
2 (327).

17
.
  
Richardson,
Mary Tudor
, p. 82.

18
.
  
English Historical Documents
(ed Douglas), p. 388. Elizabeth I owned a Mirror of France, which may well be the Mirror of Naples. A jewel matching its description features in a portrait of Anne of Denmark (wife of James VI and I). James also refers to the Mirror of France in a letter to the future Charles I, suggesting he wear it in his hat with a little black feather. It appears to have been pawned in 1625, and vanished thereafter. Roy Strong, ‘Three Royal Jewels: The Three Brothers, the Mirror of Great Britain and the Feather' in
Burlington Magazine
108, No. 760 (July 1966), pp. 350–3.