To Move the World (33 page)
Authors: Jeffrey D. Sachs
1.
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 291.
2.
Ibid.
3.
“30 October 1961—The Tsar Bomba,” Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, accessed February 14, 2013,
http://www.ctbto.org/specials/infamous-anniversaries/30-october-1961-the-tsar-bomba/
.
4.
Quoted in Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 307.
5.
Quoted in Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 463.
6.
Roswell Gilpatric, “Address by Deputy Secretary of Defense Gilpatric to the Business Council” (1961), in Meena Bose,
Shaping and Signaling Presidential Policy: The National Security Decision Making of Eisenhower and Kennedy
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998), 149–156.
7.
Allison and Zelikow,
Essence of Decision
.
8.
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 387.
9.
Ibid., 388–389.
10.
For more detailed analysis and information on the Cuban Missile Crisis, see Allison and Zelikow,
Essence of Decision
; James A. Nathan, ed.,
The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992); Fursenko and Naftali,
“One Hell of a Gamble”
; Ernest R. May and Philip Zelikow, eds.,
The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); James G. Blight, Bruce J. Allyn, David A. Welch, and David Lewis, eds.,
Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1993); Michael Dobbs,
One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War
(New York: Vintage Books, 2009).
11.
John F. Kennedy, “The President’s News Conference,” September 13, 1962,
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8867
.
12.
Theodore C. Sorensen,
Kennedy
(New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 705.
13.
May and Zelikow, eds.,
The Kennedy Tapes
, 62.
14.
Quoted in Richard Ned Lebow, “The Cuban Missile Crisis: Reading the Lessons Correctly,”
Political Science Quarterly
98, no. 3 (Autumn 1983): 443.
15.
Kennedy and Khrushchev,
Top Secret
, 343–344.
16.
Norman Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate: John F. Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 37.
17.
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 556.
18.
Quoted in Allison and Zelikow,
Essence of Decision
, 355.
19.
Quoted in Thurston Clarke,
JFK’s Last Hundred Days
(New York: Penguin Press, 2013).
20.
Quoted in Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 46.
21.
James A. Nathan, “The Heyday of the New Strategy: The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Confirmation of Coercive Diplomacy,” in
The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited
, ed. Nathan, 24.
22.
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 570.
23.
Ibid., 572.
24.
Kennedy and Khrushchev,
Top Secret
, 314.
25.
Ibid., 348–349.
1.
Barbara W. Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(New York: Macmillan, 1962).
2.
Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 306.
3.
Basil Henry Liddell Hart,
Deterrent or Defense: A Fresh Look at the West’s Military Position
(New York: Praeger, 1960), 254, 257.
4.
Sharon Bertsch McGrayne,
The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, & Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011).
5.
Kennedy and Khrushchev,
Top Secret
, 487.
6.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 113.
7.
Ibid., 114.
8.
Ibid., 55.
9.
James G. Richter, “Perpetuating the Cold War: Domestic Sources of International Patterns of Behavior,”
Political Science Quarterly
107, no. 2 (Summer 1992): 273–274.
10.
Kennedy and Khrushchev,
Top Secret
, 422.
1.
John F. Kennedy,
Profiles in Courage
(New York: Harper & Row, 1964).
2.
Winston Churchill, “The Few” (speech, London, August 20, 1940), the
Churchill Centre and Museum,
http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/speeches-of-winston-churchill/1940-finest-hour/113-the-few
.
3.
John F. Kennedy, “Proclamation 3525—Declaring Sir Winston Churchill an Honorary Citizen of the United States of America,” April 9, 1963,
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=24064
.
4.
Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 41.
5.
McGeorge Bundy, recorded interview by Richard Neustadt, March 1964, 99–100, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
6.
Theodore C. Sorensen,
Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History
(New York: Harper, 2008), 27.
7.
John XXIII,
Pacem in Terris
, Encyclical of Pope John XXIII on Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity, and Liberty, April 11, 1963,
Papal Encyclicals Online
,
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/John23/j23pacem.htm
, sec. 126.
8.
Winston Churchill, “The Sinews of Peace” (speech, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946),
Britannia Historical Documents
,
http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/sinews1.html
.
9.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Chance for Peace” (speech, Washington, DC, April 16, 1953), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3357
.
10.
Evan Thomas,
Ike’s Bluff: President Eisenhower’s Secret Battle to Save the World
(New York: Little, Brown, 2012), 65.
11.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Atoms for Peace” (speech, New York, December 8, 1953), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3358
.
12.
Winston Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, May 11, 1945, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, vol. 515 cc883-1004,
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1953/may/11/foreign-affairs#S5CV0515P0_19530511_HOC_220
.
13.
Quoted in Leaming,
Jack Kennedy
, 213.
14.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Farewell Address” (speech, Washington, DC, January 17, 1961), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3361
.
15.
John F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address” (speech, Washington, DC, January 20, 1961), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3365
.
16.
Winston Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, November 3, 1953. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, vol. 520 cc7-136,
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1953/nov/03/debate-on-the-address-first-day
.
17.
John F. Kennedy, “Address to the UN General Assembly” (speech, New York, September 25, 1961), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/5741
.
18.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 65.
19.
Ibid., 63.
20.
John XXIII,
Pacem in Terris
, sec. 31.
21.
Ibid., sec. 113.
22.
Ibid., sec. 118.
23.
Ibid., sec. 127–129.
1.
Theodore C. Sorensen, recorded interview by Carl Kaysen, April 15, 1964, 70–71, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
2.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 116.
3.
Sorensen, recorded interview by Kaysen, 72.
4.
William C. Foster, recorded interview by Charles T. Morrissey, August 5, 1964, 32, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
5.
John F. Kennedy, “American University Commencement” (speech, Washington, DC, June 10, 1963), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3374
.
6.
Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, November 3, 1953.
7.
John F. Kennedy, “Address on Civil Rights” (speech, Washington, DC, June 11, 1963), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3375
.
1.
“A Strategy of Peace,”
Washington Post
, June 11, 1963, 14.
2.
“New Hope for a Test Ban,”
New York Times
, June 11, 1963, 36.
3.
Walter Lippmann, “Let Live or Don’t Live,”
Boston Globe
, June 13, 1963, 18.
4.
Roscoe Drummond, “A New Look at Cold War,”
Christian Science Monitor
, June 26, 1963, 9.
5.
Thomas Sorensen to McGeorge Bundy, “West European Reaction to Peace Speech,” June 12, 1963, United States Information Agency, Sorensen Papers, Box 72, American University Commencement 6/10/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
6.
Quoted in “British Welcome Speech,”
New York Times
, June 12, 1963, 4.
7.
“The President’s Lead,”
The Times
, June 11, 1963, 13.
8.
Richard H. Crossman, “Philosophy of Peace,”
The Guardian
, June 14, 1963, 20.
9.
Amitai Etzioni, “The Kennedy Experiment,”
Western Political Quarterly
20, no. 2, part 1 (June 1967): 366.
10.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, World Reaction Series, “Foreign Radio and Press Reaction to the President’s Foreign Policy Speech at American University on 10 June 1963,” June 14, 1963, NSF/305A/President’s Speeches: American University Speech, 6/10/63, 6/14/63–6/15/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
11.
Arthur M. Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 904.
12.
Ibid.
13.
CIA Information Report, “Soviet Reaction to 10 June Speech of President Kennedy,” June 11, 1963, NSF/305A/President’s Speeches: American University Speech, 6/10/63, 6/13/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
14.
“Text of Khrushchev on Kennedy Speech,” Moscow TASS in English to Europe 2205, June 14, 1963, NSF/305A/President’s Speeches: American University Speech, 6/10/63, 6/14/63–6/15/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
15.
“Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement: The Letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Reply to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of March 30, 1963,” Sino-Soviet Split Document Archive,
http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/sino-soviet-split/cpc/proposal.htm
.
16.
John Milton Cooper Jr.,
Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Random House, 2009), 462.
17.
Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days
, 884.
18.
John F. Kennedy, “ ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ Speech” (speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3376
.
19.
Andreas W. Daum,
Kennedy in Berlin
(Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 2008), 28, 120.
20.
Theodore Windt,
Presidents and Protesters: Political Rhetoric in the 1960s
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990), 72.
21.
Bundy, recorded interview by Neustadt, 29.
22.
John F. Kennedy, “Address at the Free University of Berlin” (speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963),
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9310
.
23.
John F. Kennedy, “Address Before the Irish Parliament in Dublin” (speech, Dublin, June 28, 1963),
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9317
.
24.
George Bernard Shaw,
Back to Methuselah
(Project Gutenberg eBook, 2004),
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13084/13084-8.txt
.
25.
Edward M. Kennedy, “Address at the Public Memorial Service for Robert F. Kennedy” (speech, New York, June 8, 1969),
American Rhetoric
,
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ekennedytributetorfk.html
.
26.
John F. Kennedy, “Remarks in Naples at NATO Headquarters” (speech, Naples, July 2, 1963),
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9332
.
27.
Sorensen,
Kennedy
, 733.
28.
Glenn T. Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, ed. Benjamin S. Loeb (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 179.
29.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 97.
30.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 227.
31.
Quoted in ibid.
32.
NSC Action 2468, Instructions for Harriman Mission, July 9, 1963, NSF/265/ACDA: Disarmament, Subjects, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Harriman Trip to Moscow, Part B, John F. Kennedy Library.
33.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 237.
34.
Andreas Wenger and Marcel Gerber, “John F. Kennedy and the Limited Test Ban Treaty: A Case Study of Presidential Leadership,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
29, no. 2 (June 1999), 478.
35.
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, U.S.-U.K.-U.S.S.R., Aug. 5, 1963, 14 U.S.T. 1313.
36.
Foster, recorded interview by Morrissey, 30.
37.
Adrian S. Fisher, recorded interview by Frank Sieverts, May 13, 1964, 77, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.