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Authors: Claire Berlinski

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194
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 450.
195
Bullard note on Chequers Soviet seminar, September 5, 1983, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 111071.
196
John Coles, minutes on Chequers Soviet seminar, September 8, 1983, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 111075.
197
September 7, 1983, Thatcher Archive (FCO), D. J. Manning minute on Chequers Soviet seminar
.
198
“Changing Power Relations among OECD States,” October 22, 1979, CIA National Foreign Assessment Center. Carter Library release 2005/01/28 NLC–7–16–10–14–1.
199
Robert Gates,
From the Shadows
(Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 197.
200
When Stéphane Courtois argued for this figure in his 1997 masterpiece,
Le livre noir du Communisme,
many critics believed this number was inflated. It increasingly appears that his estimate was too low. The book was published in English as
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
(Harvard University Press, 1999). The death toll may well have been more than two hundred million by the end of the Cold War. See, e.g., R. J. Rummel,
Death by Government
(Transaction, 1997).
201
Radio interview for British Forces Broadcasting Service, June 10, 1982, transcript, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 104962.
202
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 157.
203
“Changing Power Relations among OECD States,” October 22, 1979.
204
“An Interview with Thatcher,”
Time,
February 16,1981.
205
Reagan meeting with Kinnock, February 14, 1984, briefing and background papers, National Security Council Country File, Box 91331, Reagan Library.
206
March 26, 1981, House of Commons PQs, Hansard HC [1/1073–77].
207
Radio Interview for British Forces Broadcasting Service, June 10, 1982, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 104962.
208
Ronald Reagan, “Margaret Thatcher and the Revival of the West,”
National Review,
May 19, 1989.
209
“An Interview with Thatcher,”
Time
, February 16, 1981.
210
October 29, 1983, House of Commons PQs, Hansard HC [10/985–90].
211
He had also been to Belgium in 1972 and West Germany in 1975.
212
I believe he is referring to Alexander Yakovlev, although his name doesn't begin with a K.
213
Interview with Zamyatin,
Kommersant,
May 4, 2005.
214
Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(Doubleday, 1996).
215
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 462.
216
Thatcher-Reagan meeting at Camp David, December 22, 1984, record of conversation, European and Soviet Affairs Directorate, National Security Council, Folder “Thatcher Visit—Dec 1984 (1),” Box 90902, Reagan Library.
217
Ibid.
218
Ibid.
219
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 463.
220
Weinberger to Thatcher, January 29, 1985, NSA Head of State File, Box 36, Reagan Library.
221
Ronald Reagan,
An American Life: The Autobiography
(Simon and Schuster, 1990). I leave the story of Mulroney's influence on Reagan to the author of
Sleeping Giant to the North: Why Canada Matters.
222
Reagan to Gorbachev, April 30, 1985, “To the Geneva Summit: Perestroika and the Transformation of U.S.-Soviet Relations,” Electronic Briefing Book No. 172, Document 9, National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
223
Max M. Kampelman, “Bombs Away,”
New York Times,
April 24, 2006.
224
John Fund, “Freedom's Team: How Reagan, Thatcher and John Paul II won the Cold War,”
Wall Street Journal,
June 7, 2004.
225
Lance Morrow, “The Mystery of Ronald Reagan Lives On,”
Time
, April 19, 2000.
226
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 472.
227
Ibid., p. 472.
228
George Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State
(Scribner, 1993).
229
Andrei Sakharov, the Soviet Union's most famous political dissident.
230
Interview for Soviet television, Vladimir Simonov, Novosci Press Agency; Boris Kalyagin, Soviet TV; Thomas Kolesnichenko,
Pravda,
March 31, 1987, transcript, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 106604.
231
Specifically, he bribed the Saudis with Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) planes. If you're curious about this story, you may consult my doctoral dissertation,
Our Common Enemy: The Making of the United States Arms Transfer Policy Towards the Arab-Israeli Antagonists, 1967–1988.
It is available for consultation at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. You will be the only person ever to have been curious. When last I checked, I discovered that according to the library's records, no visitor to the library—not one—had ever signed it out.
Sic transit gloria mundi.
232
Peter Schweizer
, Reagan's War: The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle and Final Triumph Over Communism
(Doubleday, 2002).
233
Title VIII, Article 63, The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe.
234
Alberto Alesina and Francesco Giavazzi,
The Future of Europe: Reform or Decline
(MIT Press, 2006), p. 122.
235
“Fighting against Overregulation and Red Tape,”
Financial Times,
October 9, 2006.
236
“Iron Grip Corrupted by Fatal Arrogance,”
Independent,
October 8, 1996.
237
Margaret Thatcher,
Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World
(HarperCollins, 2002), pp. 323–325.
238
For example, see Hugo Young,
This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair
(Macmillan, 1991).
239
Claire Berlinski,
Menace in Europe
(Three Rivers Press, 2007), p. 235.
240
Needless to say, there will always be someone who places the blame on Germany's notorious persecutors. The British diplomat Nicholas Henderson remarked that “People give all sorts of reasons why she became fanatically anti-German, one of which, I don't know whether it's true, is that her constituency was Finchley and it's full of Jews. That may have had something to do with it . . . I don't know.” Malcolm McBain interview with Nicholas Henderson, September 24, 1998, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.
241
Margaret Thatcher,
The Path to Power
(HarperCollins, 1995), p. 25.
242
I was told this by Sally McNamara, an analyst at the Heritage Foundation's Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom. “It wasn't relayed to me by Lady Thatcher herself,” she wrote, “but [by] one of her secretaries at a private event I organized with my former organization . . . It was particularly striking to the group we were meeting with because we were honoring her with our organization's ‘Pioneer Award' for her services to the advancement of the conservative principles of free markets, limited government, federalism (in the American sense and not the European sense!) and individual liberty.” E-mail, January 23, 2008.
243
Thatcher,
The Path to Power,
p. 27.
244
Speech to Finchley Conservatives, August 14, 1961, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 101105.
245
April 16, 1975, Speech to Conservative Group for Europe (opening Conservative referendum campaign), Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 102675.
246
Speech to Helensburgh Conservative rally, April 18, 1975, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 102678.
247
Speech at Centro Italiona di Study per la Conciliazione Internazionale, Rome, “Europe as I See It,” June 24, 1977, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 103403.
248
Speech at dinner for French President Giscard d'Estaing, November 19, 1979, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 104172.
249
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 24.
250
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 742.
251
Craig R. Whitney, “Pressed at Home, British Unions Are Looking to Europe for Gains,”
New York Times,
September 11, 1988
.
252
Speech to the College of Europe (“The Bruges Speech”), September 20, 1988, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 107332.
253
“Thatcher Sets Face Against United Europe,”
Guardian,
September 21, 1988
.
254
Speech by Wilfried Martens, September 28, 1988, Brussels, in
Europe: Documents
1527 (December 10, 1988): 7–8, Agence Europe S.A.
255
Geoffrey Howe,
Conflict of Loyalty
(St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 537–538.
256
Speech in Wales, April 28, 1989, Archives historiques des Communautés européennes, Florence, Italy.
257
Lawson,
The View from No. 11
, pp. 659, 956.
258
Ibid., p. 936.
259
October 28, 1989,
The Walden Interview
, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 107808.
260
TV Interview for TV-AM, November 24, 1989, Washington, D.C., Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 107829.
261
October 30, 1990, Hansard HC [178/869–92].
262
Clark,
Diaries: In Power,
pp. 342–343.
263
Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years,
p. 839.
264
Ibid., p. 840.
265
You may watch highlights of the speech here:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1C2hieHKgA
. Note that John Major—Thatcher's chancellor—is sitting to Thatcher's left and nodding sagely in seeming approval of Howe's remarks.
266
Clark,
Diaries: In Power,
p. 349.
267
Ibid, p. 351.
268
Ibid., p. 366.
269
I don't wish to be misleading: They were often found that way. A good handful would have been in those bushes on any given evening.
270
November 22, 1990, HC S: [Confidence in Her Majesty's Government], House of Commons Speech, Hansard HC [181/445–53].
271
I was wrong too, but my opinions are obviously of less historical significance.
272
Speech paying tribute to Ronald Reagan, Washington, D.C., March 1, 2002, Thatcher MSS (digital collection), doc. 109306.
273
Again, my own judgment on this issue was no better at all. I was in full agreement with this speech.
274
See Stefan Theil, “Europe's Philosophy of Failure,”
Foreign Policy
, January/February 2008.
275
I mention this as evidence that this is still one of the world's most active political conflicts. I do not mean these remarks to be construed as any kind of approval of the excessive force used by the Turkish police. Under Thatcher, the police did
not
tear gas people sitting peacefully in cafes, and they did
not
tear gas women and children who were caught in the melee, and they did
not
tear gas leukemia patients in hospitals.
Copyright © 2008, 2011 by Claire Berlinski
 
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016-8810.

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