The Worth of War (33 page)

24
. “Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Orders 1979–2012,” Electronic Privacy Information Center,
http://epic.org/privacy/wiretap/stats/fisa_stats.html
.

25
. Bamford, “They Know Much More,” 4.

26
. Ibid.

27
. Siobhan Gorman and Jennifer Valentino DeVries, “HSA Reaches Deep into US to Spy on Net: Fresh Details Show Programs Cover 75% of Nation's Traffic, Can Snare Emails,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 21, 2013, A8.

28
. Ellen Nakashima, “NSA Collected Thousands of Domestic E-mails,”
Washington Post
, August 22, 2013, 1.

29
. Barton Gellman, “Audit: NSA Repeatedly Broke Privacy Rules,”
Washington Post
, August 16, 2013, 1.

30
. Carol D. Leonnig, “Surveillance Judge Says Court Relies on Government to Report Its Own Actions,”
Washington Post
August 16, 2013, 1.

31
. James Madison,
The Federalist
, No. 51.

32
. Bamford, “They Know Much More,” 6.

33
. New York Times v. United States, 403 US (1971).

34
. Gabriel Schoenfeld, “Black-Letter Law,” in
Necessary Secrets: National Security, The Media and the Rule of Law
(New York: Norton, 2010).

35
. Kenneth Jost, “Government Secrecy,”
CQResearcher
, December 2, 2005, 1009.

36
. Harold C. Relyea, “Government Secrecy: Policy Depths and Dimensions,”
Government Information Quarterly
20 (2003): 395–418.

37
. 11 Stat. 60 (1857).

38
. Relyea,
Government Secrecy
, 397.

39
. Ibid., 398.

40
. Ibid., 400.

41
. “2011 Secrecy Report,”
OpenTheGovernment.org
, 2012.

42
. National Archives and Records Administration, “Bi-annual Report on Operations of the National Declassification Center. Reporting Period: July 1, 2012–December 31, 2012,”
http://www.archives.gov/declassification/ndc/reports/2012-biannual-july-december.pdf
.

43
. Nate Jones, “Declassification-as-Usual Mindset Responsible for the National Declassification Center's Languid Pace,” National Security Archive, February 1, 2012,
http://nsarchive.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/declassification-as-usual-mindset-responsible-for-the-national-declassifcation-centers-lanugid-pace/
.

44
. Matthew M. Aid, “Declassification in Reverse: The US Intelligence Community's Secret Historical Document Reclassification Program,” National Security Archive, February 21, 2006,
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB179/
.

45
. Schoenfeld,
Necessary Secrets
, 175.

46
. Ibid., 185.

47
. Peter Walker, “Bradley Manning Trial: What We Know from the Leaked WikiLeaks Documents,”
Guardian
, July 30, 2013,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/30/bradley-manning-wikileaks-revelations
.

48
. Greg Mitchell, “A Long List of What We Know Thanks to Private Manning,”
Nation
, August 23, 2013,
http://www.thenation.com/blog/175879/long-list-what-we-know-thanks-private-manning#axzz2cvltDsQm
.

49
. Aid, “Declassification in Reverse.”

50
. Kate Martin, “Congressional Access to Classified National Security Information,”
Center for National Security Studies
, March 2007.

51
. Dan Nosowitz, “Congress Was Not Really Briefed on PRISM,”
Popular Science
, June 12, 2013,
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-06/obama-said-all-congress-was-briefed-prism-nonsense
.

52
. Ryan Devereaux, “Is Obama's Use of State Secrets Privilege the New Normal?”
Nation
, September, 2010,
http://www.thenation.com/article/155080/obamas-use-state-secrets-privilege-new-normal#axzz2cWH5ZitX
.

53
. Archibald Cox, “Executive Privilege,”
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
122 (1974): 1383.

54
. Raoul Berger,
Executive Privilege
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).

55
. US v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. 187 (1807).

56
. Jeffrey P. Carlin, “Walker v. Cheney: Politics, Posturing and Executive Privilege,”
Southern California Law Review
76, no. 235 (November 2002): 245.

57
. 433 US 425 (1977).

58
. The appeals court, however, developed a procedure that gave the subcommittee limited access to documents under court supervision. 551 F.2nd 384 (DC Cir. 1976).

59
. 556 F. Supp. 150 (DDC 1983). As in the AT&T case, the court developed a procedure providing limited access to the contested documents.

60
. See, for example, Bareford v. General Dynamics Corp., 973 F.2nd 1138 (5th Cir. 1992).

61
. See,
In re Sealed Case
, 121 F.3rd 729 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

62
. 124 S.Ct.1391 (2004).

63
. Relyea, “Government Secrecy,” 402.

64
. Dana Milbank, “The Price of Whistleblowing,”
Washington Post
, August 21, 2013, A17.

65
. Christopher C. Horner,
The Liberal War on Transparency: Confessions of a Freedom of Information Criminal
(New York: Threshold Editions, 2012).

66
. “US Secret Service Agents' Alleged Scandals since 2004 Revealed,”
Guardian
, June 15, 2012,
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/15/us-secret-service-scandals-revealed
.

67
. Jost, “Government Secrecy,” 1011.

68
.
Bloomberg News
, “Testing Obama's Promise of Government Transparency,” September 27, 2012,
http://go.bloomberg.com/multimedia/bloomberg-checks-obama-transparency/
.

CONCLUSION

1
. Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
, ed. Ian Shapiro (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010).

2
. Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch,”
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm
.

3
. Joshua S. Goldstein,
Winning the War on War
(New York: Penguin, 2012).

4
. Bruce Russett,
Grasping the Democratic Peace
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).

5
. Thomas Hobbes,
Leviathan
, ed. Michael Oakeshott (New York: Collier, 1962), 132.

6
. Charles D. Tarleton, “The Despotical Doctrine of Hobbes, Part II: Aspects of the Textual Substructure of Tyranny in Leviathan,”
History of Political Thought
23, no.1 (Spring 2002): 82.

7
. Hobbes,
Leviathan
, 141.

8
. James Lee Ray: “Wars between Democracies: Rare, or Nonexistent?”
International Interactions
18, no. 3 (February 1993). Also, Joanne Gowa,
Ballots and Bullets: The Elusive Democratic Peace
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), and Sebastian Rosato, “The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory,”
American Political Science Review
97 (2003): 585–602.

9
. Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in
Bringing the State Back In
, ed. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschmeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 169–86.

10
. Geoffrey Perret,
A Country Made by War
(New York: Vintage, 1990).

11
. Tom Brokaw,
The Greatest Generation
(New York: Random House, 2004).

12
. Robert MacKay,
Half the Battle: Civilian Morale in Britain during the Second World War
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 248.

13
. Jonathan Simon,
Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 106–10.

14
. John S. Baker, “Jurisdictional and Separation of Powers Strategies to Limit the Expansion of Federal Crimes,”
American University Law Review
54 (February 2005): 548.

15
. Sara Sun Beale, “From Morals and Mattress Tags to Overfederalization,”
American University Law Review
54 (February 2005): 747.

16
. US v. Hanousek, 176 F. 3rd 116 (9th Cir. 1999).

17
. Morisette v. US, 342 US 246 (1952).

18
. John Hasnas, “Ethics and the Problem of White Collar Crime” (February 2005): 606.

19
. Memorandum by Larry Thompson, Deputy Attorney General, to Heads of Departments and US Attorneys, available at
http://www.usdoj.gov/dag/cftf/corporate_guidelines.htm
.

20
. “The McNulty Memorandum,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 13, 2006, A18.

21
. Eric Luna, “The Overcriminalization Phenomenon,”
American University Law Review
54 (February 2005).

Aaron of Lincoln,
51

Abbott and Costello (comedy team),
113

abolitionists,
149

Academic Assistance Council,
31

Academie Royale des Sciences,
44

Adams, Samuel,
107

Administrative Office of the US Courts (US),
55

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) (US),
89

Afghanistan War,
43
,
49
,
144
,
155
,
167
,
198
–
99
,
216

Air Corps Act of 1926 (US),
157

Air Ministry (British),
90

Alamo,
215

Alexander, Keith,
188

Alexander Nevsky
(film),
120

Alexander the Great,
46
,
50
,
70
,
73

Amendments Act of 2008 (US),
188

American Civil War,
47
,
80
,
94
,
99
–
100
,
102
–
103
,
127
,
138
–
40
,
147
,
149
,
150
,
151
–
52
,
156
,
167
,
194

“American Crisis” (Paine),
107

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF),
48

American Farm Bureau Federation,
147

American Legion,
150
,
153

Andrew (prince of United Kingdom),
198

Andrews Sisters,
117

Anglo-Dutch wars,
130

Angola, private US contractors in,
166

Anne (queen of England),
130

Anti-Jacobin
(publication),
109

Antiochus III (Seleucid emperor),
70

Any Bonds Today?
(Berlin),
117
–
18

Apollodorus of Damascus,
72

Archimedes,
73
–
74
,
75

arms sales,
78
–
79
,
84

Army (Prussian/German),
47
,
49

Army (Russian/Soviet),
12
,
20
,
77
,
82
,
121

Army (US),
42
,
59
,
88
,
183
,
192
,
194
,
195
,
198

Union Army,
47
,
124
,
149
,
151

Army Air Corps (US),
157

Army Industrial College (AIC),
48

ARPANET,
89

Art of War, The
(Sun Tzu),
36

“Aryan Science” and Nazi racial ideology,
25
,
27
,
28
–
32
,
211

Ashcroft, John,
207

Atahuallpa (Incan emperor),
22
,
62

Athens (ancient),
9
,
33
,
34
,
71
,
75
,
105
,
173
,
208

atomic bomb.
See
nuclear weapons

Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (US),
194

audit of war,
15
,
16
,
19
–
24
,
27
,
32
,
211

Auftragstaktic
[mission-oriented command],
39

Australia,
67
,
183

Austria,
46
,
136
,
137

Austro-Prussian War,
137

Aztecs,
22
–
24
,
62
,
63

banking development,
131
–
33
,
135
–
37
,
142
,
145

Bank of England,
131
–
32
,
133

Bank of France,
135

Banque Royale (in France),
135

Bates, John D.,
189

Battle of the Somme, The
(film),
110

“Battle Stations for All” (pamphlet by OWI),
115

“Bay of Pigs” invasion of Cuba in 1961,
162
,
208

Beachy Head, Battle of (1690),
131

Beckley, Michael,
142

Benny, Jack,
115

Bergman, Ingrid,
114

Berlin, Irving,
116
,
117

Bethe, Hans,
30
,
31

Beveridge, William,
124
–
25

“Beyond Vietnam” (King),
15

bin Laden, Osama,
50

Bismarck, Otto von,
136
–
37

Black Chamber (US),
171
–
72
,
175
,
184

Black Panther Party,
180

Blackwater USA,
165

BLARNEY (NSA surveillance program),
189

Bleichroeder, Gerson,
136
–
37

Bloch, Felix,
31

Bloch, Konrad,
31

Bloomberg News
,
207

Bogart, Humphrey,
114

Bolton, Joshua,
205

bonds as source of funds.
See
funding for wars

Border Patrol (US),
204

Born, Max,
30
,
31

Bosnia, private US contractors in,
166

Boston Gazette
(newspaper),
107

Boston Massacre,
107

Bosworth Field, Battle of (1485),
50

Bowles, Chester,
111
,
123

Brazil,
85

Brennan, William J., Jr.,
175

Britain.
See
Great Britain

Britain, Battle of (1940),
90
,
103

Britain Prepared
(film),
110

British Gloster Meteor (jet fighter),
88

“British War Song,” 109

Brokaw, Tom,
216

Brookings Institution,
55

Brun of London,
51

brutality of governments, war mitigating,
93
–
128
,
169

Brzezinski, Zbigniew,
159

Buchanan, James,
151

Buck Private
(film),
113

Budget and Impoundment Control Act (US),
154

Bulletin
(newspaper),
108

Bundy, McGeorge,
159

bureaucracy,
46
–
47
,
50
,
159

having military roots,
15
,
49
,
51

and secrecy,
193
,
203
–
209

wartime agencies blending into civilian bureaucracies,
147
,
155
,
169

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) (US),
204
,
205

Bureau of Investigation.
See
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (US)

Burger, Warren,
178

Burgh, Hubert de,
53

Burr, Aaron,
201

Bush, George W., and his administration,
122
,
155
,
164
,
187
–
88
,
196
,
202
–
203
,
205
,
207

Butler Education Act of 1944 (Britain),
125

Cajamarca, Battle of (1532),
62
–
63

Cambodia,
93

Canada,
36
,
95
,
97
,
102
,
126
,
133
,
148
,
183

Cannae, battle at (216 BCE),
70

Carefree
(film),
117

Carlton, Newcomb,
172

Carter, Jimmy, and his administration,
159

Carthage,
70
,
72
,
73

Casablanca
(film),
114
–
15

Catholic Church,
18
–
19
,
104
,
106

Caught in the Draft
(film),
113

censorship,
106
,
109
,
112
,
191
,
192

Center for Naval Warfare Studies,
55

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (US),
55

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (US),
156
,
161
–
62
,
168
,
181
–
84
,
191
,
196
,
199

Centre for Strategic Research and Analysis (Britain),
55

Chain, Ernst,
31

Chambers, Whittaker,
179

CHAOS, Operation (CIA surveillance program),
182
,
185

Charles II (king of England),
130

Chase, Salmon P.,
100
,
138

Cheney, Richard “Dick,”
203
,
208

Cheng Ho,
61

China

Chinese empire (221 BCE–1911),
9
,
35
,
43
,
45
,
61
,
64
,
130

People's Re/files/09/35/18/f093518/public/Communist China (1949–present),
79
,
85
–
87
,
93
,
142

Warring States period (476–221 BCE),
33
,
58
,
59
,
72

Christians, George W.,
171

Church, Frank,
185

Church Committee.
See
Congress (US)

Churchill, Marlborough,
172

Cipher Bureau.
See
Black Chamber (US)

Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI,
181

citizen soldiers,
40
,
96
–
98
,
106
–
107
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
153
,
163
–
64
,
216
–
17

move to professional military in the United States,
40
,
163
–
68

war creating citizens,
95
–
96
,
127
–
28

Civil Air Patrol,
216

civil-military technology transfers,
60
,
89
–
91

Clapper, James,
188
,
200
,
208

classification schemes and secrecy,
192
–
93
,
194
–
96

declassifying efforts,
196
,
199

Clausewitz, Carl von,
33
,
34
,
49

“Claw of Archimedes,”
73
–
74
,
75

Clean Water Act (CWA) (US),
219
,
220

Clinton, Bill, and his administration,
166
,
196

Coast Guard (US),
216

Cohen, Eliot,
143
,
165

Cold War,
146
,
161
,
162

Colfax, Schuyler,
152

Collins, Randall,
41

Collins, Susan,
201

Columbia,
166

command and leadership in warfare,
49
–
50

Commerce Department (US),
170

Committee on Public Information (CPI) (US),
110
–
11
,
170

Committee on Public Instruction (later called Committee on Public Safety) (France),
107

“Common Sense” (Paine),
107

Commonwealth Wars,
130

Communism,
82
,
106
,
120
,
142
,
179

anti-Communist activities in the United States,
153
,
162
,
170
,
171
,
179
,
181
,
182

Communist International,
106

“Communist Internationale” (Soviet anthem),
120

Comptoir (banking house in France),
136

Confessions of a Nazi Spy
(film),
113

Congregatio de Propaganda Fide
[Congregation for Propagating the Faith],
104

Congress (US),
150
–
55
,
178

and access to information,
162
,
163
,
194
,
200
–
201
,
203
–
206

Church Committee,
184
–
91