The Whites of their Eyes (25 page)
Read The Whites of their Eyes Online
Authors: Matt Braun
32
“ ‘Tea Party’ Won’t Be Forgotten Soon,”
Atlanta Journal
, December 17, 1973; Joseph Rosenbloom and David Richwine, “Rebels Steal Tea Party Show, ‘Dump’ Oil,”
Boston Globe
, December 17, 1973.
33
Lewis A. Carter Jr. to Georgia Ireland, January 25, 1974. Photographs of the reenactment and the protest are reproduced in ARBA,
Bicentennial of the United States of America
, 1:106–9.
34
Stephen Isaacs, “Boston Tea Party Restaged,”
Washington Post
, December 17, 1973.
35
Peoples Bicentennial Commission,
America’s Birthday
, chap. 3.
36
Peoples Bicentennial Commission,
Common Sense II
, front matter.
37
“Boston Just Say No Party,”
Boston Globe
, July 16, 1988; Bruce Butterfield, “Labor Has Its Day,”
Boston Globe
, September 8, 1992; Dolores Kong, “Doctors and Nurses Plan to Protest at Tea Party Ship,”
Boston Globe
, December 1, 1997; Aaron Zitner, “Tax Code Foes Find
Nation Indifferent,”
Boston Globe
, April 16, 1998; April Simpson, “Legislators Dump U.S. Mandates,”
Boston Globe
, August 6, 2007.
38
Works of John Adams
, 3:323; 9:335; Mercy Otis Warren, “The Squabble of the Sea Nymphs,” in
Plays and Poems
, 202–5.
39
John Hancock,
An Oration Delivered March 5, 1774
(Newport, 1774), 9.
40
Young,
Shoemaker
, part 2.
41
Daniel Webster, “The Bunker Hill Monument, An Address delivered . . . on the Seventeenth of June, 1825,” in
Daniel Webster’s First Bunker Hill Oration
, ed. Fred Newton Scott (New York, 1902), 25.
42
Holmes, “The Last Leaf,” in
Complete Poetical Works
, 1–2.
43
Herman Melville,
Israel Potter
(New York, 1855), 51, 272–76.
44
Young,
Shoemaker
, 121–79.
45
A Citizen of New York [James Hawkes],
A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party: With a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes
(New York, 1834); Young,
Shoemaker
, 3–6. See also A Bostonian [Benjamin Bussey Thatcher],
Traits of the Tea Party: Being a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes
(New York, 1835).
46
Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 51.
47
John Morgan to Isaac Jamieux, November 24, 1773, in
Letters of Copley and Pelham
, 210.
48
Works of Adams
, 2:367.
49
Craig Nelson,
Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations
(New York: Viking, 2006), 49.
50
Warren,
History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination
, 1:87.
51
Josiah Quincy,
Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy Jun
. (Boston, 1875), 363.
52
Nathaniel Niles,
Two Discourses on Liberty
(Newburyport, 1774), 38.
53
Petition from “a Grate Number of Blackes” to Thomas Gage, May 25, 1774, Jeremy Belknap Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Box 3.
54
Abigail Adams to John Adams, September 22, 1774,
Adams Family Correspondence
, ed. L. H. Butterfield et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963–93), 1:161–62.
55
Samuel Johnson,
Taxation No Tyranny
(London, 1775), 89.
56
Phillis Wheatley to Samson Occom, February 11, 1774, in
Complete Writings
, 152–53.
57
Simon Schama,
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution
(New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 8. See also Cassandra Pybus,
Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the
American Revolution and their Global Quest for Liberty
(Boston: Beacon Press, 2006); and Woody Holton,
Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
58
Austin Hess, e-mail message to the author, April 26, 2010.
59
Polls were conducted in 2010 by CBS News / New York Times, Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, the Pew Research Center, and
USA Today
. “The Tea Party Movement: What They Think,” CBS News and the
New York Times
, poll, April 5–12, 2010; “Quinnipiac University Poll,” Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, poll, March 24, 2010; “The People and Their Government: Distrust, Discontent, Anger and Partisan Rancor,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, poll, April 18, 2010,
http://www.gallup.com/poll/127181/tea-partiers-fairly-mainstream-demographics.aspx
.
60
On the Lost Cause of the Confederacy in American history and memory, see Tony Horwitz,
Confederates in the Attic: Dispatched from the Unfinished Civil War
(New York: Pantheon, 1998); and David W. Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
61
The Glenn Beck Show
, Fox News, New York, January 13, 2010.
62
Austin Hess, e-mail message to the author, April 26, 2010.
1
David S. Bernstein, “Tea Is for Terrorism,”
Boston Phoenix
, April 8, 2010.
2
Tuerck at the Boston Common Tea Party rally, April 15, 2009; Boston Tea Party 2009, weblog, April 22, 2009,
http://teapartyboston2009.blogspot.com/
; Ridpath at the Boston Common Tea Party rally, July 4, 2009; John Ridpath, “John Ridpath at the July 4 Boston Tea Party Protest.”
3
[Boston]
Weekly Dig
, April 7, 2010.
4
Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 76–77.
5
Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 261.
6
Paul Revere to Jeremy Belknap, January 1, 1798, in
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
16 (1878): 371–76.
7
Samuel Lane Boardman, ed.,
Peter Edes: A Biography, with His Diary
(Bangor, 1901), 8; Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 262.
8
Gross,
Minutemen and Their World
, chap. 5; James Russell Lowell, “Lines Suggested by the Graves of Two English Soldiers on
Concord Battle-Ground,” in
The Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), 97.
9
Van Doren,
Jane Mecom
, 118, 124–34; Franklin to Mecom, October 16, 1775,
Letters of Franklin and Mecom
, 164.
10
Andrew Eliot to Thomas Hollis, April 25, 1775, Andrew Eliot to John Eliot, May 4, 1775,
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
16 (1878): 281–82.
11
Henry Pelham to John Singleton, May 16, 1775, in
Letters of Copley and Pelham
, 318; Boardman,
Peter Edes
, 99.
12
Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 262; Morison,
Three Centuries of Harvard
, 148–51.
13
Raphael,
Founding Myths
, chap. 9.
14
Andrew Eliot Annotated Almanacs, Massachusetts Historical Society, Box 2. Eliot kept his diary for 1775 interleaved in the pages of Nathanael Low,
An Astronomical Diary: Or, Almanack, for the Year . . . 1775
(Boston, n.d.).
15
James Russell Lowell, “Under the Old Elm,” in
Complete Poetical Works
, 364–70.
16
Spencer Albright,
The American Ballot
(Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942), 16. On peas and beans in use in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, see Charles Gross, “The Early History of the Ballot in England,”
American Historical Review
3 (April 1898): 458–59. On voting behavior, see Robert J. Dinkin,
Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977). See also Robert J. Dinkin, ed.,
Election Day: A Documentary History
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 1–27, 47–60.
17
Albright,
American Ballot
, 14–15.
18
Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
, ed. Max Farrand (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911), 2:240–41.
19
Waldstreicher,
Slavery’s Constitution
, 81, 83, 85, 103, 104. See also François Furstenberg,
In the Name of the Father: Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation
(New York: Penguin, 2006); and Harry Wiencek,
An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America
(New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2003).
20
As Waldstreicher has argued, “In the new American order, taxation with representation and slavery were joined at the hip” (
Slavery’s Constitution
, 5).
21
On the history of suffrage, see Alexander Keyssar,
The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).
22
Douglas Campbell, “The Origin of American Institutions, as Illustrated in the History of the Written Ballot,”
Papers of the American Historical Association
4 (1891): 179.
23
Robert J. Dinkin,
Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982), 102.
24
See Keyssar,
Right to Vote
; and Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York: Norton, 2005).
25
Richard Bensel,
The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
26
Henshaw v. Foster et al
., 26 Mass. 312 (1830).
27
L. E. Fredman,
The Australian Ballot: The Story of an American Reform
(Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1968), 22, 28; Bensel,
American Ballot Box
, 15.
28
William M. Ivins,
Machine Politics and Money in Elections in New York City
(New York: Harper, 1887), 56–57, 63–64.
29
Frank O’Gorman, “The Secret Ballot in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in
Cultures of Voting: The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot
, ed. Romain Bertrand et al. (London: Hurst, 2007), 22–23.
30
John Crowley, “Uses and Abuses of the Secret Ballot in the American Age of Reform,” in
Cultures of Voting
, 52.
31
Michael Brunet, “The Secret Ballot Issue in Massachusetts Politics from 1851 to 1853,”
New England Quarterly
25 (September 1952): 354–62.
32
Fredman,
Australian Ballot
, 8; John Henry Wigmore,
The Australian Ballot System
(Boston, 1889); Philip Loring Allen, “Ballot Laws and Their Workings,”
Political Science Quarterly
21 (March 1906): 38–58. On the early consequences, see Jerrold G. Rusk, “The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split Ticket Voting: 1876–1908,”
American Political Science Review
64 (December 1970): 1220–38.
33
Crowley, “Uses and Abuses,” 59.
34
Carl Becker,
The Heavenly City of Eighteenth-Century Philosophers
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963).
35
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay,
The Federalist Papers
, ed. Isaac Kramnick (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 144.
36
Herman Melville,
Typee, Oomo, Mardi
(New York: Library of America, 1982), 1169–70.
37
George Levesque,
Black Boston: African American Life and Culture in Urban America, 1750–1860
(New York: Garland, 1994), 165.
38
On Crispus Attucks Day, Attucks, Wheatley, Bunker Hill, and slavery in history and memory, see Margot Minardi, “ ‘The Inevitable
Negro’: Making Slavery History in Massachusetts, 1770–1863” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2007).
39
Theodore Parker, “On the Boston Kidnapping,” in
The Collected Works of Theodore Parker
, ed. Frances Power Cobb (London, 1863), 5:209–10.
40
William E. Cain, ed.,
William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1995), 35–36.
41
Burns’s speech appeared in the
Liberator
, March 9, 1855.
42
Anthony Burns to the Baptist Church, undated but November or December 1855, in Charles Emery Stevens,
Anthony Burns: A History
(Boston, 1856), 280–83.
43
William Cooper Nell,
The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
(Boston, 1855), 5.
44
Paul Finkelman, ed.,
Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents
(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1997), 149.
45
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas,
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text
, ed. Harold Holzer (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 54, 252.