The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915-1919 (58 page)

5
‘
we found the troops getting pelted
’: L. I. L. Ferguson.

6
‘
flatter than you would think
’: Acland.

7
‘
a mighty expanse of water
’: Gladden, 67.

8
‘
some seven miles long
’: Gladden, 29.

9
‘
played in the waters
’: Acland.

10
‘
we could sit around
’: Gladden, 38.

11
men who were judged less reliable
: Schindler, 278.

12
he devolved more operational decision-making
: Procacci [2000], 76.

13
no objection to the formation
: Gratton, 24.

14
An internal report in November
: Gian Luigi Gatti, 55.

15
‘
The best system for fighting
: Gian Luigi Gatti, 71.

16
‘
the conviction of the absolute
’: Gian Luigi Gatti, 69.

17
‘
the flower of the Italian
’: Gian Luigi Gatti, 122.

18
‘
Every movement in civic life
’: Gian Luigi Gatti, 72.

19
‘
our growing superiority
’: Gian Luigi Gatti, 133.

20
exhibited around the country, while propaganda
: Procacci [1989b].

21
‘
a profound transformation
’: Labita.

22
‘
To be or not to be
’: Orlando [1923], 123. 

23
united in dedication to a supreme purpose
: Procacci [1999], 323.

24
a war of political adventure turned
: Minniti, 25.

25
The press bayed for strong government
: Procacci [1999], 309.

26
158
pro-war deputies formed
: Pieri [1965], 171.

27
A man from Viterbo got three months
: Procacci [2006], 302. 

28
Industrial action continued throughout June
: Procacci [1999], 138.

29
a gesture that backfired
: Procacci [1989a] and Procacci [1989b].

30
‘
repression of dissent
’: Corner & Procacci.

31
‘
anyway everyone knows
’: Labanca, Procacci, Tomassini, 31.

32
‘
the arrival of the Austrians
’: Corner & Procacci.

33
an
incident at a primary school
: This episode occurred in October 1917, just before or after Caporetto. Franzina [2003], 13.

34
‘
military model
’: Procacci [2006], 284.

35
not much different from the Bourbon tyrants
: Monticone [1982], 37.

36
Dallolio, an effective Under-Secretary
: Isnenghi & Rochat, 300.

37
Francesco Nitti, a deputy
: Forsyth, 67–8.

38
by no means inevitable
: L. Segreto quoted by Zamagni, 221.

39
pricing policy was slack
: Forsyth, 85. 

40
industries had incentives
: Zamagni, 35, 221, 223, 225.

41
aeronautical industry grew
: Toniolo, 129.

42
‘
now looked upon Italian war aims
’: Rothwell, 158.

43
‘
made no mention whatever of our aspirations
’: Sonnino, 252.

44
‘
it is perfectly hopeless trying to get Sonnino
’: Seymour [1928], vol. 3, 287, 286, 290.

45
urged by the American ambassador
: Zivojinovic, 95.

46
‘
More and more the war has ceased
’: Lippmann.

47
‘
the completion of her national unity
’: From a speech in February 1918. Orlando [1923], 122.

48
‘
most cynical’ of all the secret treaties
: H. W. Massingham, ‘The Diplomacy of the Knock-out Blow’,
The Nation
, 9 February 1918. Quoted by le Cornu.

49
his
‘
paltry masterpiece
’: Sforza [1944], 46.

50
refused to sanction the use of propaganda
: Sforza [1944], 49

51
persuaded Albertini to help organise: Mack Smith [1978], 214.

52
‘
inexplicable and grievous misunderstanding
’: Orlando [1923], 174–5. 

53
‘
The Italians and Yugoslavs are
’: Cornwall [2000], 290.

54
only one in every thousand
: 3,800 from a total of 3,800,000. Melograni, 529.

55
Wilsonian ideals filled a vacuum
: Melograni, 526 ff, quoting Harold Lasswell,
World Revolutionary Propaganda
:
a Chicago Study
(New York: Knopf, 1939), 114–15.

56
‘
All branches of the Slav race
’: Cornwall [2000], 265, 323.

57
‘
a free and united Yugoslav state
’: Cornwall [2000], 338

58
Orlando probably encouraged this
: Mack Smith [1978], 215.

59
‘
consonant with the principles
’: Mamatey 314; Lederer.

60
Boroević did not believe
: Bauer, 111.

61
Some 200,000 Hungarian soldiers had deserted
: Bernardi, 115.

62
‘
mass rallies at which oaths for unity
’: Cornwall [2000], 213.

63
‘
no longer moved by incessant
’: Cornwall [2000], 281.

64
Boroević openly criticised the shortages
: Blašković, 396.

65
‘
For this, gentlemen, could well be
’: Bernardi, 128.

66
despite everything, Habsburg morale ran high
: Schindler quotes General August von Cramon, chief German liaison officer with the Austrian army: ‘The troops’ offensive spirit was the best.’ Schindler, 283.

67
may have been time-expired
: Blašković, 396.

68
The Austrian gunners only had the advantage
: Dalton, 206–7.

69
‘
Hold your positions, I implore you
’: Bernardi, 129.

70
the German high command stepped in
: Bauer, 122.

71
‘
the only proper national battle
’: Minniti, 69.

72
‘
the mountains were bare
’: Neža Rejec, quoted by Fortunat Černilogar, 217.

73
‘
a
mass of famished barbarians
’: Horvath-Mayerhofer, 153.

74
‘
heterogeneous masses
’: Türr.

75
images of ‘Italia’ had from the start
: This was observed by Robert Musil, the Austrian novelist, then serving in the Trentino. His sentence continued, ‘who actually does not look Italian at all’. Musil [1999].

76
civilian morale rose
: Cornwall [2000], 398.

77
‘
most rapes were carried out
’: Ceschin [2006b], 179.

78
people believed that time was on their side
: Cornwall [2000], 361.

79
‘
an air of utter emptiness
’: Gladden, 200, 202.

80
when the war was already over
: Most of this information comes from Procacci [2000], a ground-breaking study.

81
shrank from 650,000 to 400,000
: Cornwall [2000], 406. 

82
The average body weight
: Cornwall [2000], 406.

83
‘
We have been officially notified
’: Cornwall [2000], 278.

84
normal language in the newspapers
: Cornwall [2000], 286.

85
‘
Most of the men are apathetic
’: Cornwall [1997].

86
German ambassador estimated
: Cornwall [2000], 429.

87
‘
internal political questions
’: Rothenberg [1976], 214, 215.