The War of the Jewels (70 page)

Denweg). The Sindarin loremasters remembered the Nandor as Danwaith, or by confusion with the name of their leader Denwaith.

This name they at first applied to the Nandor that came into Eastern Beleriand; but this people still called themselves by the old clan-name *Lindai, which had at that time taken the form Lindi in their tongue. The country in which most of them eventually settled, as a small independent folk, they called Lindon (< *Lindana): this was the country at the western feet of the Blue Mountains (Eryd Luin), watered by the tributaries of the great River Gelion, and previously named by the Sindar Ossiriand, the Land of Seven Rivers. The Sindar quickly recognized the Lindi as kinsfolk of Lindarin origin (S Glinnil), using a tongue that in spite of great differences was still perceived to be akin to their own; and they adopted the names Lindi and Lindon, giving them the forms Lindil (sg. Lindel) or Lindedhil, and Lindon or Dor Lindon. In Exilic Quenya the forms used (derived from the Sindar or direct from the Nandor) were Lindi and Lindon (or Lindone). The Exiled Noldor also usually referred to the Eryd Luin as Eryd Lindon, since the highest parts of that range made the eastern borders of the country of Lindon.

These names were however later replaced among the Sindar by the name 'Green-elves', at least as far as the inhabitants of Ossiriand were concerned; for they withdrew themselves and took as little part in the strife with Morgoth as they could. This name, S Laegel, pl. Laegil, class-plural Laegrim or Laegel(d)-

rim, was given both because of the greenness of the land of Lindon, and because the Laegrim clothed themselves in green as an aid to secrecy. This term the Noldor translated into Quenya Laiquendi; but it was not much used.

Appendix A. Elvish names for Men.

The first Elves that Men met in the world were Avari, some of whom were friendly to them, but the most avoided them or were hostile (according to the tales of Men). What names Men and Elves gave to one another in those remote days, of which little was remembered when the Loremasters in Beleriand made the acquaintance of the After-born, there is now no record. By the Dunedain the Elves were called Nimir (the Beautiful).(18) The Eldar did not meet Men of any kind or race until the Noldor had long returned to Beleriand and were at war with Morgoth. The Sindar did not even know of their existence, until the coming of the Nandor; and these brought only rumour of a strange people (whom they had not themselves seen) wandering in the lands of the East beyond the Hithaeglir. From these uncertain tales the Sindar concluded that the 'strange people'

were either some diminished race of the Avari, or else related to Orcs, creatures of Melkor, bred in mockery of the true Quendi.

But the Noldor had already heard of Men in Aman. Their knowledge came in the first place from Melkor and was perverted by his malice, but before the Exile those who would listen had learned more of the truth from the Valar, and they knew that the newcomers were akin to themselves, being also Children of Iluvatar, though differing in gifts and fate. Therefore the Noldor made names for the Second Race of the Children, calling them the Atani 'the Second Folk'. Other names that they devised were Apanonar 'the After-born', and Hildor

'the Followers'.

In Beleriand Atan, pl. Atani, was the name most used at first.

But since for a long time the only Men known to the Noldor and Sindar were those of the Three Houses of the Elf-friends, this name became specially associated with them, so that it was seldom in ordinary speech applied to other kinds of Men that came later to Beleriand, or that were reported to be dwelling beyond the Mountains. The Elf-friends (Note 19, p. 412) were sometimes called by the Loremasters Nunatani (S Dunedain),

'Western Men', a term made to match Dunedhil, which was a name for all the Elves of Beleriand, allied in the War (see p. 378). The original reference was to the West of Middle-earth, but the name Nunatani, Dunedain was later applied solely to the Numenoreans, descendants of the Atani, who removed to the far western isle of Numenore.

Apanonar 'the After-born' was a word of lore, not used in daily speech. A general term for Men of all kinds and races, as distinct from Elves, was only devised after their mortality and brief life-span became known to the Elves by experience. They were then called Firyar 'Mortals', or Firimar of similar sense (literally 'those apt to die'). (Note 20, p. 412) These words were derived from the stem *PHIRI 'exhale, expire, breathe out', which had no original connexion with death.(19) Of death, as suffered by Men, the Elves knew nothing until they came into close association with the Atani; but there were cases in which an Elf, overcome by a great sorrow or weariness, had resigned life in the body. The chief of these, the departure of Miriel wife of King Finwe, was a matter of deep concern to all the Noldor, and it was told of her that her last act, as she gave up her life in the body and went to the keeping of Mandos, was a deep sigh of weariness.

These Quenya names were later adapted to the forms of Sindarin speech: Atan > Adan, pl. Edain; Firya > Feir, pl. Fir (with Firion m.sg., Firieth f.sg.), class-plural Firiath; Firima > Fireb, pl. Firib, class-plural Firebrim. These forms, which cannot for historical reasons have been inherited from CE, but are those which the words if inherited would have taken, show that they were adapted by people with considerable knowledge of both tongues and understanding of their relations to one another; that is, they were probably first made by the Noldor for use in Sindarin, when they had adopted this language for daily use in Beleriand. Fireb as compared with Firima shows the use of a different suffix, (Note 21, p. 412) since the S equivalent of Q -ima (*-ef) was not current. Apanonar was rendered by Abonnen, pl. Eboennin, using a different participial formation from the stem *ONO 'beget, give birth to'. Hildor, since the stem

*KHILI 'follow' was not current in Sindarin, was rendered by Aphadon, pl. Ephedyn, class-plural Aphadrim, from S aphad-

'follow' < *ap-pata 'walk behind, on a track or path'.

Appendix B. Elvish names for the Dwarves.

The Sindar had long known the Dwarves, and had entered into peaceful relations with them, though of trade and exchange of skills rather than of true friendship, before the coming of the Exiles. The name (in the plural) that the Dwarves gave to themselves was Khazad, and this the Sindar rendered as they might in the terms of their own speech, giving it the form

*chadod > *chadaud > Hadhod. (Note 22, p. 412) Hadhod, Hadhodrim was the name which they continued to use in actual intercourse with the Dwarves; but among themselves they referred to the Dwarves usually as the Naugrim 'the Stunted Folk'. The adjective naug 'dwarf(ed), stunted', however, was not used by itself for one of the Khazad. The word used was Nogoth, pl. Noegyth, class-plural Nogothrim (as an occasional equivalent of Naugrim). (Note 23, p. 413) They also often referred to the Dwarves as a race by the name Dornhoth 'the Thrawn Folk', because of their stubborn mood as well as bodily toughness.

The Exiles heard of the Dwarves first from the Sindar, and when using the Sindarin tongue naturally adopted the already established names. But later in Eastern Beleriand the Noldor came into independent relations with the Dwarves of Eryd Lindon, and they adapted the name Khazad anew for use in Quenya, giving it the form Kasar, pl. Kasari or Kasari. (Note 24, p. 413) This was the word most commonly used in Quenya for the Dwarves, the partitive plural being Kasalli, and the race-name Kasallie. But the Sindarin names were also adapted or imitated, a Dwarf being called Nauko or Norno (the whole people Naukalie or Nornalie). Norno was the more friendly term. (Note 25, p. 413)

The Petty-dwarves. See also Note 7. The Eldar did not at first recognize these as Incarnates, for they seldom caught sight of them in clear light. They only became aware of their existence indeed when they attacked the Eldar by stealth at night, or if they caught them alone in wild places. The Eldar therefore thought that they were a kind of cunning two-legged animals living in caves, and they called them Levain tad-dail, or simply Tad-dail, and they hunted them. But after the Eldar had made the acquaintance of the Naugrim, the Tad-dail were recognized as a variety of Dwarves and were left alone. There were then few of them surviving, and they were very wary, and too fearful to attack any Elf, unless their hiding-places were approached too nearly. The Sindar gave them the names Nogotheg 'Dwarf-let', or Nogoth niben 'Petty Dwarf'.(20)

The great Dwarves despised the Petty-dwarves, who were (it is said) the descendants of Dwarves who had left or been driven our from the Communities, being deformed or undersized, or slothful and rebellious. But they still acknowledged their kinship and resented any injuries done to them. Indeed it was one of their grievances against the Eldar that they had hunted and slain their lesser kin, who had settled in Beleriand before the Elves came there. This grievance was set aside, when treaties were made between the Dwarves and the Sindar, in consideration of the plea that the Petty-dwarves had never declared themselves to the Eldar, nor presented any claims to land or habitations, but had at once attacked the newcomers in darkness and ambush. But the grievance still smouldered, as was later seen in the case of Mim, the only Petty-dwarf who played a memorable part in the Annals of Beleriand.

The Noldor, for use in Quenya, translated these Sindarin names for the Petty-dwarves by Attalyar 'Bipeds', and Pikinau-kor or Pitya-naukor.

The chief dwellings of the Dwarves that became known to the Sindar (though few ever visited them) were upon the east side of the Eryd Luin. They were called in the Dwarf-tongue Gabilgathol and Tumunzahar. The greatest of all the mansions of the Dwarves, Khazad-dum, beneath the Hithaeglir far to the east, was known to the Eldar only by name and rumour derived from the western Dwarves.

These names the Sindar did not attempt to adapt, but translated according to their sense, as Belegost 'Mickleburg'; Novrod, later Nogrod, meaning originally 'Hollowbold'; and Hadhodrond 'Dwarrowvault'.(21) (Note 26, p. 414) These names the Noldor naturally used in speaking or writing Sindarin, but for use in Quenya they translated the names anew as Turosto, Navarot, and Casarrondo.

Appendix C. Elvish names for the Orcs.

The opening paragraphs of this Appendix have been given in Morgoth's Ring p. 416 and are not repeated here. The words that now follow, 'these shapes and the terror that they inspired', refer to the 'dreadful shapes' that haunted the dwellings of the Elves in the land of their awakening.

For these shapes and the terror that they inspired the element chiefly used in the ancient tongue of the Elves appears to have been *RUKU. In all the Eldarin tongues (and, it is said, in the Avarin also) there are many derivatives of this stem, having such ancient forms as: ruk-, rauk-, uruk-, urk(u), runk-, rukut/s, besides the strengthened stem gruk-, and the elaborated guruk-, nguruk. (Note 27, p. 415) Already in PQ that word must have been formed which had in CE the form *rauku or *rauko. This was applied to the larger and more terrible of the enemy shapes.

But ancient were also the forms uruk, urku/o, and the adjectival urka 'horrible'. (Note 28, p. 415)

In Quenya we meet the noun urko, pl. urqui, deriving as the plural form shows from *urku or *uruku. In Sindarin is found the corresponding urug; but there is in frequent use the form orch, which must be derived from *urko or the adjectival

*urka.

In the lore of the Blessed Realm the Q urko naturally seldom occurs, except in tales of the ancient days and the March, and then is vague in meaning, referring to anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature. In Sindarin urug has a similar use. It might indeed be translated 'bogey'. But the form orch seems at once to have been applied to the Orcs, as soon as they appeared; and Orch, pl.

Yrch, class-plural Orchoth remained the regular name for these creatures in Sindarin afterwards. The kinship, though not precise equivalence, of S orch to Q urko, urqui was recognized, and in Exilic Quenya urko was commonly used to translate S orch, though a form showing the influence of Sindarin, orko, pl. orkor and orqui, is also often found.

These names, derived by various routes from the Elvish tongues, from Quenya, Sindarin, Nandorin, and no doubt Avarin dialects, went far and wide, and seem to have been the source of the names for the Orcs in most of the languages of the Elder Days and the early ages of which there is any record. The form in Adunaic urku, urkhu may be direct from Quenya or Sindarin; and this form underlies the words for Orc in the languages of Men of the North-West in the Second and Third Ages. The Orcs themselves adopted it, for the fact that it referred to terror and detestation delighted them. The word uruk that occurs in the Black Speech, devised (it is said) by Sauron to serve as a lingua franca for his subjects, was probably borrowed by him from the Elvish tongues of earlier times. It referred, however, specially to the trained and disciplined Orcs of the regiments of Mordor. Lesser breeds seem to have been called snaga.(22)