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63
Lubow, op. cit., 172.
Lubow, op. cit., 172.
64
New York Journal
, June 29, 1898.
New York Journal
, June 29, 1898.
65
Hemment, op. cit., 76.
Hemment, op. cit., 76.
66
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 153.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 153.
67
Hemment, op. cit., 79.
Hemment, op. cit., 79.
68
Hemment, op. cit., 81.
Hemment, op. cit., 81.
69
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898.
70
Trask, op. cit., 209; Older,
William Randolph Hearst,
American, op. cit., 191.
Trask, op. cit., 209; Older,
William Randolph Hearst,
American, op. cit., 191.
71
Brown, op. cit., 315.
Brown, op. cit., 315.
72
New York Journal,
June 26, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 26, 1898.
73
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt,
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 643-644.
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt,
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1979), 643-644.
74
Lubow., op. cit., 177.
Lubow., op. cit., 177.
75
Dale L. Walker,
Death Was the Black Horse: The Story of Rough Rider Buckey O’Neill
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 171.
Dale L. Walker,
Death Was the Black Horse: The Story of Rough Rider Buckey O’Neill
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 171.
76
Edward Marshall, “How It Feels To Be Shot,”
Cosmopolitan,
September, 1898; Edward Marshall, “The Santiago Campaign, Some Episodes: A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Gausimas,”
Scribner’s Magazine,
September, 1898; Lubow, op. cit., 177.
Edward Marshall, “How It Feels To Be Shot,”
Cosmopolitan,
September, 1898; Edward Marshall, “The Santiago Campaign, Some Episodes: A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Gausimas,”
Scribner’s Magazine,
September, 1898; Lubow, op. cit., 177.
77
Linda H. Davis, op. cit., 259.
Linda H. Davis, op. cit., 259.
78
Lubow, op. cit., 177
Lubow, op. cit., 177
79
Ibid.
Ibid.
80
Trask, op. cit., 222.
Trask, op. cit., 222.
81
New York Journal,
June 27, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 27, 1898.
82
Hemment, op. cit., 96.
Hemment, op. cit., 96.
83
G.W. Bitzer,
Billy Bitzer, His Story
(New York, Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1973), 36.
G.W. Bitzer,
Billy Bitzer, His Story
(New York, Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1973), 36.
84
Hemment, op. cit., 110-111.
Hemment, op. cit., 110-111.
85
Ibid., 112-113.
Ibid., 112-113.
86
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898;
New York Times,
July 1, 1898.
New York Journal,
June 29, 1898;
New York Times,
July 1, 1898.
87
Trask, op. cit., 232-234.
Trask, op. cit., 232-234.
88
WRH to PAH, undated, WRH Papers, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, WRH Papers, Bancroft Papers.
89
Frederic Remington to Eva Remington, June 29, 1898 in Splete, op. cit., 224.
Frederic Remington to Eva Remington, June 29, 1898 in Splete, op. cit., 224.
90
Charles Johnson Post,
The Little War of Private Post
(New York: New American, 1961), 114-115.
Charles Johnson Post,
The Little War of Private Post
(New York: New American, 1961), 114-115.
91
Trask, op. cit., 238-242.
Trask, op. cit., 238-242.
92
Hemment, op. cit., 148-149.
Hemment, op. cit., 148-149.
93
Ibid., 150, 153.
Ibid., 150, 153.
94
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 190.
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 190.
95
Ibid., 196.
Ibid., 196.
96
Ibid., 199.
Ibid., 199.
97
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
98
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 205.
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 205.
99
Ibid., 207-208.
Ibid., 207-208.
100
Ibid., 211-212.
Ibid., 211-212.
101
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
102
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
New York Journal,
July 4, 1898.
103
Hemment, op. cit., 215-216.
Hemment, op. cit., 215-216.
104
New York Times,
July 7, 1898.
New York Times,
July 7, 1898.
105
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 214.
Creelman,
On the Great Highway,
op. cit., 214.
106
James Creelman to WRH, July 5, 1898, Creelman Papers.
James Creelman to WRH, July 5, 1898, Creelman Papers.
107
Brown, op. cit, 430-432.
Brown, op. cit, 430-432.
108
The Newspaper Maker,
July 28, 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
July 28, 1898.
109
Brown, op. cit., 402; Milton, op. cit., 349-351.
Brown, op. cit., 402; Milton, op. cit., 349-351.
110
The Newspaper Maker,
August 4, 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
August 4, 1898.
111
New York Journal,
July 6, 1898.
New York Journal,
July 6, 1898.
112
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898.
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898.
113
Brown, op. cit., 429-430.
Brown, op. cit., 429-430.
114
New York Journal,
July 11, 1898.
New York Journal,
July 11, 1898.
115
Sam Chamberlain to PAH, July 10, 1898, Bancroft Papers.
Sam Chamberlain to PAH, July 10, 1898, Bancroft Papers.
116
Lubow, op. cit., 188.
Lubow, op. cit., 188.
1
New York Journal,
August 16, 1898; August 17, 1898.
New York Journal,
August 16, 1898; August 17, 1898.
2
Trask, op. cit., 335.
Trask, op. cit., 335.
3
WRH to James Creelman, July 25, 1898, Creelman Papers.
WRH to James Creelman, July 25, 1898, Creelman Papers.
4
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
5
WRH to James Creelman, undated, Creelman Papers; WRH to James Creelman, September 27, 1897, Creelman Papers.
WRH to James Creelman, undated, Creelman Papers; WRH to James Creelman, September 27, 1897, Creelman Papers.
6
The Fourth Estate,
July 28, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
July 28, 1898.
7
Nasaw, op. cit., 147.
Nasaw, op. cit., 147.
8
New York Journal,
July 5, 1898, November 14, 1897, November 17, 1897.
New York Journal,
July 5, 1898, November 14, 1897, November 17, 1897.
9
The Fourth Estate,
May 5, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
May 5, 1898.
10
The Fourth Estate,
January 12, 1899.
The Fourth Estate,
January 12, 1899.
11
The Journalist,
July 23, 1898.
The Journalist,
July 23, 1898.
12
The Fourth Estate,
June 12, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
June 12, 1898.
13
The Fourth Estate,
June 16, 1898;
New York Times,
June 10, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
June 16, 1898;
New York Times,
June 10, 1898.
14
The Journalist,
February 12, 1898.
The Journalist,
February 12, 1898.
15
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 241.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 241.
16
The Journalist,
August 13, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
September 22, 1898.
The Journalist,
August 13, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
September 22, 1898.
17
The Newspaper Maker,
August 11, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
July 20, 1899.
The Newspaper Maker,
August 11, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
July 20, 1899.
18
The Fourth Estate,
June 9, 1898, July 28, 1898, November 24, 1898;
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898, August 20, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
May 5, 1898, June 30, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
June 9, 1898, July 28, 1898, November 24, 1898;
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898, August 20, 1898;
The Newspaper Maker,
May 5, 1898, June 30, 1898.
19
The Fourth Estate,
June 23, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
June 23, 1898.
20
The Fourth Estate,
July 7, 1898.
The Fourth Estate,
July 7, 1898.
21
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898.
The Journalist,
July 16, 1898.
22
Ibid.
Ibid.
23
The Newspaper Maker,
June 23, 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
June 23, 1898.
24
The Newspaper Maker,
June 30, 1898, July 14, 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
June 30, 1898, July 14, 1898.
25
The Newspaper Maker,
August 4, 1898.
The Newspaper Maker,
August 4, 1898.
26
Littlefield, op. cit., 52.
Littlefield, op. cit., 52.
27
New York Journal,
January 12, 1902.
New York Journal,
January 12, 1902.
28
Edward Clark to PAH, June 9, 1898, Bancroft Papers; Nasaw, op. cit., 146.
Edward Clark to PAH, June 9, 1898, Bancroft Papers; Nasaw, op. cit., 146.
29
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 259.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 259.
30
New York Journal,
September 25, 1898.
New York Journal,
September 25, 1898.
31
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 240-242.
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 240-242.
32
Ibid., 240-2.
Ibid., 240-2.
33
Nasaw, op. cit., 148-149.
Nasaw, op. cit., 148-149.
34
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit, 242.
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit, 242.
35
Brian, op. cit., 241.
Brian, op. cit., 241.
36
WRH interview with Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
WRH interview with Boyden Sparkes, Brisbane Papers.
37
Littlefield, op. cit., 52.
Littlefield, op. cit., 52.
38
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
39
PAH to Orrin Peck, May 3, 1899, Peck Papers.
PAH to Orrin Peck, May 3, 1899, Peck Papers.
40
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
41
Robinson, op. cit., 329.
Robinson, op. cit., 329.
42
Nasaw, op. cit., 153.
Nasaw, op. cit., 153.
43
Trask, op. cit., 483.
Trask, op. cit., 483.
44
Jerald A. Combs,
American Diplomatic History
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) 77 ff; Ephraim K. Smith, “William McKinley’s Enduring Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands,” in
Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath,
ed. James C. Bradford (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993), 205 ff.
Jerald A. Combs,
American Diplomatic History
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983) 77 ff; Ephraim K. Smith, “William McKinley’s Enduring Legacy: The Historiographical Debate on the Taking of the Philippine Islands,” in
Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath,
ed. James C. Bradford (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993), 205 ff.
45
McDougall, op. cit., 111.
McDougall, op. cit., 111.
46
Mark Twain, “To The Person Sitting in Darkness,”
Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays 1891-1910
(New York: Library of America, 1992), 465, 471.
Mark Twain, “To The Person Sitting in Darkness,”
Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays 1891-1910
(New York: Library of America, 1992), 465, 471.
47
New York Journal,
February 7, 1899, February 8, 1899, February 9, 1899.
New York Journal,
February 7, 1899, February 8, 1899, February 9, 1899.
48
Robinson, op. cit., 335.
Robinson, op. cit., 335.
49
Ibid., 336.
Ibid., 336.
50
Ibid., 21.
Ibid., 21.
51
The American Magazine,
November 1906.
The American Magazine,
November 1906.
52
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 246.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 246.
53
Lincoln Steffens,
The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1931), 539-543.
Lincoln Steffens,
The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1931), 539-543.
54
James W. Barrett,
The World, The Flesh and Messrs. Pulitzer
(New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 52-54.
James W. Barrett,
The World, The Flesh and Messrs. Pulitzer
(New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 52-54.
55
Hearst, William Randolph,
Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Randolph Hearst,
ed. E.F. Tompkins (San Francisco: Published Privately, 1948), 49-50.
Hearst, William Randolph,
Selections from the Writings and Speeches of William Randolph Hearst,
ed. E.F. Tompkins (San Francisco: Published Privately, 1948), 49-50.
56
“Brief on Behalf of the Executors of the Estate of Mrs. Phoebe A Hearst,” 2.
“Brief on Behalf of the Executors of the Estate of Mrs. Phoebe A Hearst,” 2.
57
Robinson, op. cit., 385-387; Nasaw, op. cit., 279.
Robinson, op. cit., 385-387; Nasaw, op. cit., 279.
58
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 321.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 321.
59
Ibid., 363.
Ibid., 363.
60
Nasaw, op. cit., 251.
Nasaw, op. cit., 251.
61
Silas Bent,
Strange Bedfellows: A Review of Politics, Personalities and the Press
(New York: Horace Liveright, 1928), 229.
Silas Bent,
Strange Bedfellows: A Review of Politics, Personalities and the Press
(New York: Horace Liveright, 1928), 229.
62
Ibid., 229-230.
Ibid., 229-230.
63
Ibid., 227
Ibid., 227
64
Coblentz, op. cit., 48.
Coblentz, op. cit., 48.
SELECTED SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
The many newspapers and trade publications used in the preparation of this manuscript are sourced either in the text or in endnotes. Michigan State University and The Library of Congress have, between them, a complete set of the
New York Journal
for the relevant years. Citations for documents in the William Randolph Hearst, Phoebe Apperson Hearst, and George Hearst collections at Bancroft Library are not sourced to particular boxes and folders in the collections; the library changed its classification system in the midst of my research, and there is no concordance between the old system and the new. Nevertheless, the Bancroft Papers are well organized and researchers should not have trouble finding the materials cited.
New York Journal
for the relevant years. Citations for documents in the William Randolph Hearst, Phoebe Apperson Hearst, and George Hearst collections at Bancroft Library are not sourced to particular boxes and folders in the collections; the library changed its classification system in the midst of my research, and there is no concordance between the old system and the new. Nevertheless, the Bancroft Papers are well organized and researchers should not have trouble finding the materials cited.
The principal archives relied on:
Brisbane Family Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University. Cartoon Research Library collection, Ohio State University.
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