84 “Interview with Mrs. Joseph Marshall Flint,” January 18, 1960, W. A. Swanberg Papers, Columbia University; hereafter cited as Swanberg Papers; see also “Interview with Mrs. Fremont Older,” October 18, 1959, Swanberg Papers.
4 Mark Lipper, “John R. McLean,” Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900, vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 216.
5 The Fourth Estate, September 5, 1895; see also The Newspaper Maker, September 5, 1895.
7 All circulation claims were unaudited and unreliable. In 1895, no less than five papers advertised themselves as the best-selling daily in New York. Printers’ Ink did its best to analyze circulation data and rank the contenders but it acknowledged a large margin of error. Even those papers that got notarized statements of their circulation—for instance, Pulitzer’s World —could still misreport their sales by 19%. Ted Curtis Smythe, The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900 (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 87.
8 Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
9 Irwin Stump to PAH, October 3, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
10 Sidney Kobre, The Yellow Press and Gilded Age Journalism (Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1964), 102.
16 Terry Hynes, “Charles A. Dana,” Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900, vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 72.
17 Janet E. Steele, “ The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 78.
18 Allen Churchill, Park Row (New York: Rinehart & Co. Inc., 1958), 14.