The Twelve Caesars (52 page)
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Authors: Matthew Dennison
Levick, Barbara,
Claudius,
London: Batsford, 1990.
—
Tiberius the Politician
, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976.
—
The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook,
London: Routledge, 2nd edition, 2000.
—
Vespasian
, London and New York: Routledge, 1999.
Liversidge, Michael and Edwards, Catherine, eds,
Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century,
London: Merrell Holberton, 1996.
Manuwald, Gesine,
Roman Republican Theatre
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Matyszak, Philip,
The Sons of Caesar: Imperial Rome’s First Dynasty
, London: Thames & Hudson, 2006.
Massie, Allan,
The Caesars
, London: Secker & Warburg, 1983.
Meijer, Fik,
Emperors Don’t Die in Bed
, London: Routledge, 2004.
Miller, Fergus,
The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC–AD 337)
(Duckworth, London, 1977)
Momigliano, Arnaldo (trans. W. D. Hogarth),
Claudius: The Emperor and his Achievement
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934.
Mommsen, Theodor, ed. Thomas Wiedemann,
A History of Rome Under the Emperors
, London: Routledge, 1996.
Morgan, Gwyn,
69 AD: The Year of the Four Emperors,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Osgood, Josiah,
Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
—
Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Perowne, Stewart,
The Caesars’ Wives: Above Suspicion?
, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1974.
Potter, David,
Emperors of Rome: Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor
, London: Quercus, 2007.
Richardson, Lawrence,
A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Rossini, Orietta,
Ara Pacis
, Rome: Electa, Rome, 2006.
Rutledge, Steven H.,
Imperial Inquisitions: Prosecutors and Informants from Tiberius to Domitian
, London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
Schiff, Stacy,
Cleopatra: A Life
, London: Virgin Books, 2010.
Seager, Robin,
Tiberius
, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, repr. 2004.
Severy, Beth,
Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire
, London: Routledge, 2003.
Sommer, Michael,
The Complete Roman Emperor: Imperial Life at Court and on Campaign
, London: Thames & Hudson, 2010.
Southern, Pat,
Augustus,
London: Routledge, 1998.
—
The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
—
Domitian: Tragic Tyrant
, London and New York: Routledge, 1997.
Shotter, David,
Tiberius Caesar
, London: Routledge, 1992.
Sutherland, C. H. V.,
Coinage in Roman Imperial Policy 31 BC–AD 68
, London: Methuen, 1951.
Syme, Ronald,
The Roman Revolution
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, repr. 1968.
—
The Augustan Aristocracy
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
Talbot, R. J. A.,
The Senate of Imperial Rome
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew,
Suetonius: The Scholar and his Caesars
, London: Duckworth 1983.
—
Augustan Rome
, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1993.
Wood, Susan E.,
Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images 40 BC–AD 68
, Boston, Cologne and Leiden: Brill, 1999.
PERIODICALS AND JOURNALS
Braund, D. C., ‘Berenice in Rome’,
Historia
33, 1984, pp. 120–23.
Brunt, P. A., ‘Lex de Imperio Vespasiani’,
The Journal of Roman Studies
, vol. 67, 1977, pp. 95–116.
Coleman, Kathleen M., ‘Launching into history: aquatic displays in the early empire’,
The Journal of Roman Studies
, vol. 83, pp. 48–74
Garton, Charles, ‘Sulla and the Theatre’,
Phoenix
, vol. 18, no. 2, Summer 1964, pp. 137–56
Huzar, Eleanor G., ‘Mark Antony: Marriages vs Careers’,
The Classical Journal
, vol. 81, no. 2, Dec. 1985–Jan. 1986, pp. 97–111.
Jones, William, ‘Some Thoughts on the Propaganda of Vespasian and Domitian’,
The Classical Journal
, p. 251, 1973.
Jones, Brian W., ‘Domitian and the Senatorial Order: A Prosopographical Study of Domitian’s Relationship with the Senate AD 81–96’, Philadelphia, 1979.
Krappe, Alexander Haggerty, ‘Tiberius and Thrasyllus’,
The American Journal of Philology
, vol. 48, no. 4, 1927, pp. 359–66.
Prettejohn, Elizabeth, ‘Lawrence Alma-Tadema and the Modern City of Ancient Rome’,
The Art Bulletin
, vol. 84, no. 1, Mar. 2002, pp. 115–29.
Shotter, D. C. A., ‘Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus’,
Greece & Rome
, vol. 13, no. 2, 1966, pp. 207–12.
Sigurdsson, Haraldur, Cashdollar, Stanford and Sparks, Stephen R. J., ‘The Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological
Evidence’,
American Journal of Archaeology
, vol. 86, no. 1, Jan. 1982, pp. 39–51.
Staley, Allen, ‘The Landing of Agrippina at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus’,
Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin
, vol. 61, no. 287/288, Oct. 1,
1965, pp. 10–19.
Sumi, Geoffrey S., ‘Impersonating the Dead: Mimes at Roman Funerals’,
The American Journal of Philology
, vol. 123, no. 4, Winter 2002, pp. 559–85.
INTRODUCTION
JULIUS CAESAR
1
Cicero,
Letters to Atticus
, 7.11.1.
2
Plutarch,
The Life of Julius Caesar
, 63.1, in Plutarch, Lives, trans. Bernadotte Perin, Loeb Classical Library, 1914, repr. 1998.
3
See Goldsworthy, Adrian,
Caesar
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, p 60.
4
Plutarch, op. cit., 58.4.
5
Shakespeare, William,
Julius Caesar
, III.ii.
6
Cicero, Philippics II.161, quoted Grant, Michael,
The Twelve Caesars
, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996, p 33.
7
See Garland, Robert,
Julius Caesar
, Bristol: Bristol Phoenix Press, 2004.
8
See Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew,
Suetonius: The Scholar and his Caesars
, London: Duckworth, 1983, p 12.
9
Velleius Paterculus,
The Roman History
II.41.1, trans. Frederick W. Shipley, Loeb Classical Library, 1924.
10
Plutarch,
The Life of Cato
, 8.8.
11
Plutarch,
The Life of Julius Caesar
, 60.1.
12
See Bradford, Ernle,
Julius Caesar: The Pursuit of Power
: London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984, p 7.
13
Plutarch,
The Life of Julius Caesar
, 2.4.
14
Pliny the Elder,
Natural History
, VII.91, quoted in Grant, op. cit., pp 31–2.
15
Tacitus,
Histories
III.38.
16
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
37.54.3, trans. Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library, 1925.
17
See Massie, Allan,
The Caesars
, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1983, p 20.
18
Ibid.
19
Plutarch,
The Life of Julius Caesar
, 15.5.
20
See Caesar,
Gallic Wars
IV.14–15.
21
See Goldsworthy, op. cit., pp 294–5.
22
Plutarch,
The Life of Julius Caesar
, 23.6.
23
Ibid, 28.6.
24
Goldsworthy, op. cit., p 375.
25
See ibid, p 468.
26
Plutarch,
Life of Julius Caesar
, 57.1.
27
Tacitus,
Histories
, 2.91.
AUGUSTUS
1
Cassius Dio, op. cit, 56.46.1.
2
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit 2.60.2.
3
Ibid, 2.59.6.
4
Ibid, 2.66.
5
Plutarch,
Life of Antony
, 60.
6
Augustus,
Res Gestae Divi Augusti
, quoted Massie, op. cit., p 59.
7
Cassius Dio, op. cit, 53.4.
8
Augustus, op. cit, 34.
9
Propertius,
Elegies
3.18, trans A. S. Kline.
10
See Dennison, Matthew,
Empress of Rome: The Life of Livia
, London: Quercus, 2010, p 283.
11
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 54.18.
12
Massie, op. cit., p 73.
13
Horace,
The Centennial Hymn
, trans. James Mitchie, London: Penguin, 1978, p 257.
14
Augustus, op. cit, 8.5.
15
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., 2.100.2–3.
16
Ibid, 2.123.2.
17
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 56.30.
18
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., 2.123.2.
TIBERIUS
1
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.1.2.
2
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., 2.124.2.
3
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.13.8.
4
See Sutherland, C. H. V.,
Coinage in Roman Imperial Policy 31BC–AD68
, London: Methuen, 1951, pp 84–5.
5
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., 2.99.
6
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.13.
7
Pliny the Elder, op. cit., 28.5.23.
8
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.50, trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, 1876.
9
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 57.1.2.
10
Ibid, 57.13.5.
11
Ibid, 54.29.2.
12
Velleius Paterculus, op. cit., 2.96.1.
13
Tacitus,
Annals
, 1.53.
14
Seneca,
On Benefits
, 6.1–2; see Bauman, Richard A.,
Women and Politics in Ancient
Rome, London: Routledge, 1992, p 113.
15
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.1.
16
See Levick, Barbara,
Tiberius the Politician
, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976, p 49.
17
Tacitus,
Annals
, 6.51.
18
Ibid, 1.6.
19
Ibid, 1.7.
20
See Levick, op. cit., p 72.
21
See Barrett, Anthony A.,
Livia, First Lady of Imperial Rome
, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002, p 81.
22
Quoted Grant, op. cit., p 97.
23
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.1.
24
Matyszak, Philip,
The Sons of Caesar: Imperial Rome’s First Dynasty
, London: Thames & Hudson, 2006, p 144.
25
Tacitus,
Annals
, 4.7.
26
See Shotter, David,
Tiberius Caesar
, London: Routledge, 1992, p 47.
27
Ibid, p 59.
28
Tacitus,
Annals
, 5.3
29
Ibid, 6.51.5.
30
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 58.4.
31
Shotter, op. cit., pp 63–4.
32
See Sutherland, op. cit., p 103.
GAIUS CALIGULA
1
Augustus,
Res Gestae
, 34.1.
2
Garnsey, Peter & Saller, Richard,
The Early Principate: Augustus to Trajan
, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1982,
Greece & Rome New Surveys in the Classics
No. 15, pp 4–5.
3
Josephus,
Antiquities of the Jews
, 18.6.10, trans. William Whiston, 1895.
4
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 59.6.1.
5
Ibid, 59.13.6.
6
Ibid, 67.8.3.
7
Ibid, 59.11.1.
8
Josephus, op. cit., 19.2.
9
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 59.4.
10
Matyszak, op. cit., p 185.
11
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 59.2.
12
Ferrill, Arther,
Caligula: Emperor of Rome
, London: Thames & Hudson, 1991, p 101.
13
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 59.13.6.
14
Pliny the Elder, op. cit., 13.22; 37.17; 33.79.
15
Josephus, op. cit., 19.2.2.
16
Seneca,
On Benefits
, IV.31.
17
Tacitus,
Annals
, 3.1, trans. Church and Brodribb.
18
Ferrill, op. cit., p 48.
19
Sutherland, op. cit., p 108.
20
Philo,
Legatio ad Gaium
, II. 14, trans. E. M. Smallwood, quoted Grant, op. cit., p 124.
21
Cassius Dio, op. cit., 59.16.5–6.
22
Ibid, 59.16.7.
23
Philo, op. cit., quoted Matyszak, op. cit., p 189.
24
Cicero,
Phillipics
4.13, quoted Dennison, op. cit., p 265.
25
Josephus, op. cit., 19.2.