The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century (49 page)

45.
Rawcliffe,
Medicine and Society,
p. 135.

1.
Summerson, “Structure of Law-Enforcement,” p. 314.

2.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 186.

3.
Woolgar,
Senses,
p. 74.

4.
Pugh,
Imprisonment,
p. 194.

5.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 71.

6.
Ruffhead (ed.),
Statutes,
I, pp. 190-91 (1 Edward III cap. vii), which orders an inquiry into gaolers forcing prisoners to appeal guiltless men.

7.
This typical example is from Pugh,
Wiltshire Gaol Delivery,
p. 96.

8.
Summerson, “Structure of Law-Enforcement,” p. 326.

9.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 137.

10.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
pp. 70-71.

11.
McKisack,
Fourteenth Century,
p. 206. A very similar series of events is found in the thirteenth-century case of William de Lisle, sheriff of Berkshire and Oxfordshire. See Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 63.

12.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 135.

13.
Bennett,
Life on the English Manor,
p. 203.

14.
The Statute of Marlborough (1267) established that no freeholder was bound to attend his lord’s manorial court unless this was specifically required of him by his charter. Bennett,
Life on the English Manor,
p. 202.

15.
Bennett,
Life on the English Manor,
pp. 246-47.

16.
There is widespread confusion on this point. I have followed
The Oxford Companion to Law,
p. 616.

17.
Bennett,
Life on the English Manor,
pp. 197-98.

18.
Bennett,
Life on the English Manor,
p. 196. As Henry of Lancaster’s accounts show, when buying eggs in bulk, a dozen cost a penny. Even a retail price double this would mean sixteen eggs are less than 3d.

19.
Lister (ed.),
Wakefield Court Rolls
[1313], p. 14.

20.
Riley (ed.),
Memorials,
pp. 195-96.

21.
These ordinances are taken from Moore (ed.),
Borough Ordinances of Cowbridge.
This roll dates from 1610-11. It is based on an earlier set of ordinances, however, and forty-five of the fifty are in the same order as the ordinances of Kenfig, Glamorgan, written in 1330. It is highly likely that the Cowbridge ordinances therefore date from the fourteenth century. While Cowbridge and Kenfig are not in England today, in the fourteenth century they come within the lordship of Glamorgan, which was in English hands, and the template for these ordinances was the set for Hereford. Cucking stools are mentioned in
OED
from the first decade of the fourteenth century

22.
Smith (ed.),
English Gilds,
pp. 370-409. These ordinances were drawn up in the reign of Edward IV However, they are based on earlier sets of ordinances, as made clear from some statements within the document itself and by comparison with fourteenth-century ordinances from other towns. The wording has been considerably simplified.

23.
Scott (ed.),
Every One a Witness,
p. 227, quoting
Calendar of the Coroner’s Rolls.

24.
PROME,
October 1399, item 16.

25.
Hardy and Hardy (eds.),
Waurin
1399-1422, p. 40.

26.
PROME,
October 1399, Introduction.

27.
Jewell,
English Local Administration,
p. 141, quoting W C. Bolland,
The Eyre of Kent.

28.
Riley (ed.),
Memorials,
pp. 492-93.

29.
Wylie,
Henry V,
I, pp. 31-32.

30.
Harding,
Law Courts,
p. 95.

31.
Wylie,
England under Henry IV, IV,
p. 318. This event actually dates from 1410 but it may be considered indicative of the security afforded to transfers of money generally

32.
Hanawalt Westman, “The Peasant Family and Crime,” p. 13.

33.
Hanawalt Westman, “The Peasant Family and Crime,”pp. 14-15.

34.
Platt,
Medieval England,
p. 110.

35.
McKisack,
Fourteenth Century,
p. 207.

36.
Details of the Folville and Coterel gangs here have been drawn from Stones, “The Folvilles of Ashby-Folville” and Bellamy, “The Coterel Gang.”

37.
An example is Henry Beaufort, bishop of Lincoln and later bishop of Winchester. He had a daughter, Joan, by Alice Fitzalan. See
ODNB.

38.
Woodcock,
Ecclesiastical Courts,
p. 61.

39.
Cam,
Hundred Rolls,
p. 193.

40.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life,
p. 320.

41.
Brie (ed.),
Brut,
II, p. 442.

1.
Prestwich, “Court of Edward II,’ p. 61.

2.
Wright (ed.),
La Tour-Landry,
p. 1.

3.
Chaplais,
Piers Gaveston,
p. 78.

4.
TNAE 101/387/9 m. 7.

5.
TNAE 101/389/8 m. 19.

6.
TNAE 101/396/11 fol.l9r.

7.
Society of Antiquaries of London,
A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations,
p. 3.

8.
Smith,
Expeditions,
p. 137.

9.
Illustrated in Reeves,
Pleasures and Pastimes,
p. 46.

10.
Coulton,
Medieval Panorama,
pp. 98-99.

11.
This list is from the Cambridge University website Medieval Imaginations, downloaded November 1, 2007:
http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/medieval
. Exeter has been added in view of the performance of the satirical
Order of Brothelyngham
play there.

12.
TNA E 101/388/8 m. 4. The “cucking stool” here is actually described as a “shelving stool,” the old word “shelving” here meaning “tipping”
(OED).

13.
TNAE 101/391/14 mm. 8-9.

14.
Mortimer,
Perfect King,
p. 259.

15.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life,
pp. 391-92, quotingjohn Stow.

16.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life,
p. 493.

17.
Keen,
Chivalry,
p. 88, quoting Roger of Hoveden. The detail of eighty killed at the tournament of Neuss in 1241 is from Keen,
Chivalry,
p. 87.

18.
Barber and Barker,
Tournaments,
p. 34. There is uncertainty as to the places of these jousts of war. I give a different reading in Mortimer,
Perfect King,
p. 191, drawing on Lumby (ed.),
Knighton,
II, p. 23. Another version again appears in Maxwell (ed.),
Scalachronica,
p. 112.

19.
Given-Wilson,
Royal Household, p. 61.

20.
Woolgar,
Great Household, p. 193.

21.
TNAE 101/390/2 m. 1.

22.
Given-Wilson,
Royal Household, p. 61.

23.
Hamilton, “Character of Edward II,” p. 61.

24.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life, p.
396.

25.
Chaucer’s Miller “always won the ram at wrestling matches up and down the land.” Chaucer, trans. Wright,
The Canterbury Tales, p.
15.

26.
Reeves,
Pleasures and Pastimes, p. 96.

27.
Woolgar,
Great Household, p.
101.

28.
Coulton,
Medieval Panorama,
pp. 83-84.

29.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life, p.
400, quoting Froissart.

30.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life, p. 397.

31.
The description of the bow is mainly from the 1298 example described in Bradbury,
Medieval Archer,
p. 81. The note on the draw weight comes from Reeves,
Pleasures and Pastimes, p.
98.

32.
Reeves,
Pleasures and Pastimes,
pp. 98-99.

33.
Mortimer,
Perfect King, p.
103.

34.
Smith,
Expeditions, p.
107.

35.
Mortimer,
Greatest Traitor,
pp. 118,120.

36.
Smith,
Expeditions, p.
281.

37.
TNAE 101/392/15 m. 1 (made for Edward III, 1360); E 101 /393/4 (Isabella, 1358). Isabella had two such sets; one was given to her daughter after her death.

38.
Heath,
Pilgrim Life,
pp. 43-44.

39.
Heath,
Pilgrim Life, p. 29.

40.
Coulton (ed.),
Social Life, p. 39,
quoting an Italian
Relation of England
(CamdenSoc, 1847).

41.
Alexander and Binski,
Age of Chivalry,
pp. 222-23.

42.
Alexander and Binski,
Age of Chivalry, p.
206. Salisbury has been omitted as St. Osmund was not canonized until 1457.

43.
Heath,
Pilgrim Life,
pp. 238-39.

44.
Heath,
Pilgrim Life,
pp. 59-60.

45.
Given-Wilson,
Royal Household, p. 61,
quoting Edward IV’s Black Book, in which the custom is described as “of old.”

46.
Johnstone,
Edward of Camarón, p.
18.

47.
TNA E 101/393/4 fol. 8r; Lewis, ‘Apocalypse of Isabella,” p. 233.

48.
Stratford, “Royal Library,” p. 189.

49.
Mortimer,
Greatest Traitor,
p. 120; Anthony Tuck, “Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355-1397)” in
ODNB.

50.
Mortimer,
Perfect King,
pp. 34-38.

51.
Shonk, ‘Auchinleck manuscript” ; MS description on website maintained by National Library of Scotland,
http://www.nls.uk/auchinleck/
, downloaded November 15, 2007.

52.
Bellamy, “Coterel Gang,” pp. 700-701.

53.
Holt,
Robin Hood,
pp. 40-50.

54.
Langland, trans. Tiller,
Piers Plowman,
pp. 110-11.

55.
Anon., trans. Stone,
Gawain and the Green Knight,
p. 64.

56.
Douglas Gray, “Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340-1400),” in
ODNB.

57.
See his entry in
ODNB
for his height and appearance.

1.
Or, as Keith Jenkins succinctly puts it, “We can never really know the past… the gap between the past and history… is such that no amount of epistemological effort can bridge it” (Jenkins,
Re-thinking History,
p. 23).

2.
Ian Mortimer, “What Isn’t History?” pp. 454-74.

A few key texts have been of fundamental importance in writing this book. I feel obliged to single out books by Christopher Dyer, Barbara Harvey and Christopher Woolgar as particularly informative. I am also indebted to those older source-based books by G. G. Coulton, L. F. Salzman, Lucy Toulmin Smith and Henry T. Riley But over the last twenty or so years I have looked at a large number of secondary sources and manuscripts, and visited many museums and historical sites. To try to list them all now would be tedious as well as extremely difficult. It would also suggest I had given them all equal weight. For this reason, only those works cited in a short form in the notes are listed here.

J. Alexander and P. Binski (eds.),
The Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England 1200-1400
(London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1987).

Anonymous,
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,
2nd ed., Brian Stone, trans. (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974). p. 64.

Richard Barber and Juliet Barker,
Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in the Middle Ages
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 1989).

P. S. Barnwell and A. T. Adams,
The House Within: Interpreting Medieval Houses in Kent
(London: HMSO, 1994).

Patricia Basing,
Trades and Crafts in Medieval Manuscripts
(London: British Library, 1990).

Tania Bayard (ed.),
A Medieval Home Companion
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1991).

J. G Bellamy, “The Coterel Gang: An Anatomy of a Band of Fourteenth-Century Criminals,”
English Historical Review 79,
313 (1964), pp. 698-717.

H. S. Bennett,
Life on the English Manor: A Study of Peasant Conditions 1150-1400
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).

Maggie Black,
Food and Cooking in Medieval Britain: History and Recipes
(London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, 1985).

J. L. Bolton,
The Medieval English Economy 1150-1500
(London: Dent, 1980).

Jim Bradbury,
The Medieval Archer
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 1985; reprint 1998).

Henry Bradley (ed.),
Dialogues in French and English by William Caxton: Adapted from the Fourteenth-Century Book of Dialogues in French and Flemish
(London: Early English Text Society 1900).

F.W.D. Brie (ed.),
The Brut, 2
vols. (London: Early English Text Society 1906-1908).

Edward Britton,
The Community of the Vill
(Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1977).

R. Allen Brown, H. M. Colvin, and A. J. Taylor,
The History of the King’s Works: The Middle
Ages 2 vols. (London: HMSO, 1963).

Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous,
vol. 4, 1377-1388 (London: HMSO, 1957).

Helen M. Cam,
The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls: An Outline of Government in Medieval England,
new ed. (London: Merlin Press, 1963).

Leonard Cantor (ed.),
The English Medieval Landscape
(London: Croom Helm, 1982).