The Sports Gene: Inside the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance (40 page)

pre- and postpuberty gap in athletic skills,
67
–68

running and,
62
–63

sexual differentiation, background on,
61

sexual selection and,
64
–74

SRY gene and,
61
,
71
,
74

swimming and,
63

targeting skills and,
62

testosterone levels and,
62
,
67
–68,
69
,
70
,
72
–73

throwing skills and,
61
–62

track-and-field events and,
63

Manley, Michael,
176

Manley, Norman,
176

Manners, John,
186
–94

Manners, Robert,
188

Manning, Peyton,
14

Mäntyranta, Eero,
267
–75,
278
–83

Mäntyranta, Harri,
279
–80

Mäntyranta, Iiris,
267
,
268
–69,
278
,
280
,
281

Mäntyranta, Rakel,
267
–68

Mäntyranta, Tommy,
268
–69

Mäntyranta, Viktor,
268
–69

Mäntyranta family EPOR mutation,
273
–81

marathon style dogsled racing,
229
–30

Marfan syndrome,
121
–22

Marial, Guor,
201

Maron, Barry,
245
,
246
,
250

Maron, Martin,
250

Maroons,
163
–66

Martin, David,
219

Martínez-Patiño, Mariá José,
56
–59,
70
,
275

Martino, Marco,
90
–91

Matthew effect,
35
,
36
–37

Matthews, Peter,
203

Mattis, Carlos,
29

Mayweather, Floyd, Jr.,
237
,
241

McGlone, Samantha,
94
–95

McLaughlin, Dan,
18
–20,
22
–23

melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R),
260

Melzack, Ronald,
264

Mesler, Steve,
237

Mexico City Olympics (1968) study of body types,
120
––22,
138

MGF gene,
109

Milstein, Alan,
251

Mir, Frank,
263

missense mutations,
247

Mogil, Jeffrey,
260
,
265

“Momentous Sprint at the 2156 Olympics?” (Tatem et al.),
59

Moran, Patty,
228

Morey, Daryl,
135

Morris, Eric,
224
,
232
–33

Morrison, Errol,
158
,
159
,
174
,
175
–76,
177
,
180
,
181
,
184
,
185

Morrison Syndrome,
158

Moss, Randy,
173

muscle fibers

fat burning capacity and,
123

malaria and muscle fiber theory (
See
malaria and muscle fiber theory)

muscle growth potential and,
109
–13

muscles,
100
–13

ACTN3 gene and,
152
–57

follistatin and,
105

genes and,
101
–9

IGF-1 transgene and,
105
–6

muscle fiber types,
109
–13,
123

myostatin gene and,
101
–4

satellite cell activity and trainability of,
107
–9

Superbaby and,
100
–1,
102
–3

trainability of,
107
–13

muscular dystrophy,
152
–53

Mutai, Geoffrey,
204

MYH7 gene,
247

myogenin gene,
109

myonuclei,
107

myostatin gene (GDF-8),
101
–4,
106
–7

myostatin inhibitor drugs,
105

naturally fit six,
91

natural selection,
64
,
147

Nature,
59
,
60
,
69

Nature Genetics,
136

nature
versus
nurture,
34
–37,
282
–90

Matthew effect and,
35
,
36
–37

Thorndike’s experiment and,
34
–35

variance in,
37

neurons,
51

New York Times, The,
60
,
285

Ngatia, Harun,
208

Nike,
132

Nilotic body type,
198
–99

nitric oxide,
212

Noah, Joakim,
283
–84

North, Kathryn,
152
–56

Norton, Kevin,
115
,
116
–17,
122
,
132
,
139

Nousiainen, Viljo,
25

Nurmi, Paavo,
271

occlusion test

Abernethy and,
11
–12

Starkes and,
6
–8

O’Connell, Colm,
202
–3,
210

Olds, Tim,
115
,
116
–17,
122
,
127
,
132
,
139

Olsen, Joachim,
111

Olympics in Athens 1896: The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games
(Smith),
23

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin),
289

Operation Yao Ming
(Larmer),
288

Oromo runners

altitude and,
210
,
213
–14,
215

socioeconomic factors and,
208
–9

Outliers
(Gladwell),
19
,
22
,
28
,
131

Owens, Jesse,
115

oxygen saturation,
211

pain,
259
–65

COMT gene and variants,
261
–63

congenital insensitivity to,
260
–61

learned element of,
264
–65

melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) and,
260

SCN9A gene and,
261

sensitivity to, in game situations,
263
–64

stress-induced analgesia and,
263

Parkinson’s disease,
239

personalized medicine,
84
–85

Peters, Michael A.,
39

pharmacogenetics,
150

Phelps, Michael,
121
–22

phenotype,
151

physical activity.
See
voluntary physical activity

Piazza, Mike,
1
,
3
,
40

Pinker, Steven,
66

Pippen, Scottie,
129
–30

Pitsiladis, Yannis,
158
–69,
207
–10,
215
,
283
,
288

Plato,
115

polycythemia,
274
–75

Powell, Asafa,
170

practice,
14
–17

amount of deliberate practice of top competitors,
34

range of hours required to acquire expertise,
21
–23,
33
–34

skill acquisition studies and,
34
–37

10,000 hours to expertise rule (
See
10,000 hours to expertise rule)

private mutations,
247
,
285
–86

Psychology of Baseball, The
(Stadler),
42

Pujols, Albert,
2
–3,
12
–13,
14

race, and genetic diversity,
142
–57

ACTN3 gene and,
152
–57

African Americans, genetic background of,
150
–51

African origin model and,
143
–44

body type differences and,
138
–41

decrease in diversity with distance from Africa,
144
,
146
–47

geographic ancestry, DNA identification of,
149

greater genetic diversity in African populations,
142
–45

lactose tolerance and,
147
–48

99 to 99.5 percent DNA similarity of humans,
148
–49

phenotypic diversity and,
151
–52

self-identified race and genetics,
149
–50

skin color as proxy for genetic information,
150

T/E ratio testing, genes conferring immunity to,
148

racehorse breeding,
287
–88

Radcliffe, Paula,
119
–20,
221

Randich, Julius,
192

range of hours of practice required to acquire expertise,
21
–23,
33
–34

Range of Human Capacities, The
(Wechsler),
36

Rankinen, Tuomo,
84

Rasmussen, Dave,
71

Redick, J. J.,
135

Reed, Pam,
234
–37

regression to the mean,
288
–89

Rehm, Heidi,
247
,
248
,
249

Reilly, Kevin,
156

REVEAL Study,
257

Richards, Kevin,
242
–45,
246
,
248
,
252

Richards-Ross, Sanya,
173

Risch, Neil,
149
–50

Ritalin,
234
,
239

Robinson, Nate,
133
,
134

Rock, Chris,
148

Rodman, Dennis,
128
–29,
130

Rodriguez, Alex,
4

“Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance, The” (Ericsson et al.),
16

Rolle, Henry,
30

Romain, Bruce,
243
–44,
245

Rono, Aron,
192

Rosenbaum, Louis J.,
38
–40,
44

Rotich, Paul,
192

Rowe-Edwards, Norma,
162

Rudisha, David,
202
–3,
210

rugby, and speed,
47
–48

Runner’s World,
190
,
202

running.
See also
speed

Kalenjin runners (
See
Kalenjin runners)

Kenyan runners (
See
Kenyan runners)

Oromo runners (
See
Oromo runners)

Sudanese runners,
199
–201

running economy

Berardelli’s paper comparing European and Kenyan,
220
–21

defined,
197

of Kalenjin runners,
197
–98

training and,
221

Run to Overcome
(Keflezighi),
95

RUNX1 gene,
83
–84

Rybakov, Yaroslav,
31
,
32

Ryun, Jim,
75
–79,
85
–86,
99

salary gap between average workers and pro athletes,
122

Saltin, Bengt,
198

Sandoval, Anthony,
216
–19

Sandoval, Presiliano,
216

Sarich, Vincent,
201

satellite cells,
107
–9

Savinova, Mariya,
70

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,
110

Schneider, Wolfgang,
44
–46

Schuelke, Markus,
100
–1,
102

Science,
149
,
290

SCN9A gene,
261

See
to Play
(Peters),
39

self-identified race, and genetics,
149
–50

Semenya, Caster,
69
–70

sex testing,
56
–59,
69
–70

sexual differentiation,
61

sexual selection,
64
–74

Shaheen, Saif Saaeed,
204
–5

Sheers, Emma,
49

Shorter, Frank,
110
,
218

sickle-cell anemia,
180
–81

sickle-cell trait,
177
–81

Simon, Herbert A.,
9
–10

simple reaction time,
4
–5,
6

Simpson, Mona,
285

Simpson, Sherone,
170
–72

Sjöberg, Patrik,
24
,
25

skeletal structure,
123
–26

skeleton,
48
–49

skill acquisition,
34
–37

skin color,
145

phenotypic diversity and,
151
–52

as proxy for genetic information,
150

sled dogs,
223
–33

aerobic capacity of,
231

characteristics bred for,
230
–33

Mackey and,
223
–30

training response of,
231
–32

work ethic bred into,
223
–25,
227
–30,
232
–33

slow-twitch muscle fibers

and fat burning capacity,
123

muscle growth potential and,
109
–13

sprinting and,
173

Smith, Michael Llewellyn,
23

Snell, Peter,
212
–13

soccer, and speed,
46
–47

softball

simple reaction time and,
4
–5,
6

visual acuity of U.S. Olympian team,
38
–43

Sparks, Rob,
228

speed

ACTN3 gene and,
154
–57

Groningen talent studies and,
46
–48,
173

Jamaican sprinters, study of (
See
Jamaican sprinters)

Kalenjin runners (
See
Kalenjin runners)

malaria and muscle fiber theory (
See
malaria and muscle fiber theory)