The Secret Sentry (71 page)

31. President George W. Bush “President’s Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly,” New York City, September 12, 2002,
http://www.whitehouse.gov.

32. NIE 2002-16HC,
Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction
, October 2002, p. 7, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001075566, http://www.foia.cia.gov.

33. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Nomination of Lt. General Michael V. Hayden,
USAF, to Be Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence
, 109th Congress, 1st session, April 14, 2005, p. 17.

34. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Nomination of General Michael V. Hayden, USAF,
to Be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
, 109th Congress, 2nd session, May 18, 2006, p. 103.

35. Confidential interviews.

36. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 20; confidential interviews.

37. Colin L. Powell, “Remarks to the United Nations Security Council,” New York City, February 5, 2003, http://www.state.gov/
secretary/ former/powell/ remarks/2003/17300.htm.

38. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 139; Charles Duelfer, Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence,
Comprehensive Report of the Special
Advisor to the DCI on Iraqi WMD
, vol. 1, Nuclear Section, September 30, 2004, p. 36, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001156442, http://www.foia.cia.gov.

39. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 203; confidential interviews.

40. Confidential interviews.

41. Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Report to the President of the United States
(Washington, DC: GPO, March 31, 2005), pp. 113, 130.

42. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, pp. 227–29; Charles Duelfer, Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence,
Comprehensive Report of
the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraqi WMD
, vol. 2, September 30, 2004, pp. 49–50, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001156442, http://www.foia.cia.gov.

43. NIE 2002-16HC,
Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction
, October 2002, p. 7, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001075566, http://www.foia.cia.gov.

44. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 139; U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq’s WMD Programs
and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments
, 109th Congress, 2nd session, September 8, 2006, p. 59. See also Dafna Linzer and John J. Lumpkin, “Experts Doubt U.S. Claim
on Iraqi Drones,” Associated Press, August 24, 2003; Bradley Graham, “Air Force Analysts Feel Vindicated on Iraqi Drones,”
Washington Post
, September 26, 2003.

45. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 219 and appendix B, p. 430; U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq’s
WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments
, 109th Congress, 2nd session, September 8, 2006, p. 58.

46. Confidential interviews. Hayden comment from U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Nomination of General Michael V. Hayden, USAF, to Be the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency
, 109th Congress, 2nd session, May 18, 2006, pp. 110, 119.

47. Joe Trento, “The Price of Cooking the CIA Books,” National Security News Service, June 2, 2003, http:// www.storiesthatmatter.org/index.php?option
=com_content& task=view& id =53&Itemid =29.

48. Transcript of interview of Hayden by C-SPAN’s Brian Lamb, April 15, 2007, https:// www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/press_release/2007/pr041707.htm.

49. Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction,
Report to the President of the United States
(Washington, DC: GPO, March 31, 2005), p. 157.

50. Confidential interview.

51. A transcript of Bush’s “Axis of Evil” speech can be found at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html.

52. Ibid.

53. Confidential interview.

54. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Nomination of General Michael V. Hayden,
USAF, to Be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
, 109th Congress, 2nd session, May 18, 2006, p. 32; Senator Carl Levin, “Nomination of General Michael V. Hayden,”
Congressional
Record
, May 25, 2006 (Senate), pp. S5298–S5301; U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq’s WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How
They Compare With Prewar Assessments
, 109th Congress, 2nd Session, September 8, 2006, pp. 86–87, 109.

55. Warren P. Strobel, Jonathan S. Landay, and John Walcott, “Dissent over Going to War Grows Among U.S. Government Officials,”
Miami Herald
, October 7, 2002; Dana Milbank, “For Bush, Facts Are Malleable,”
Washington Post
, October 22, 2002. For telephone intercepts, see Julian Borger, “White House Exaggerating Iraqi Threat,”
U.K. Guardian
, October 9, 2002.

56. Woodward,
Plan of Attack
, p. 214.

57. Confidential interviews. For the twenty-nine-man section concentrating on Iraqi WMD, confidential interviews and Capt.
Mark Choate, “Knowing Is Half the Battle,”
INSCOM Journal
, vol. 26, no. 2 (2003 Almanac): p. 13.

58. Confidential interviews.

59. Michael Hirsh and Michael Isikoff, “No More Hide and Seek,”
Newsweek
, February 10, 2003, p. 44.

60. Confidential interview.

61. Powell’s presentation and accompanying graphics, including the Iraqi intercepts, can be found in “U.S. Secretary of State
Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council,” February 5, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/ 2003/ 02/20030205-1.html.

62. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, p. 429, appendix B.

63. U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar
Intelligence Assessments on Iraq
, 108th Congress, July 7, 2004, p. 423, appendix A, and p. 429, appendix B.

64. See also Karen DeYoung and Walter Pincus, “U.S. Hedges on Finding Iraqi Weapons,”
Washington
Post
, May 29, 2003; Barton Gellman, “Iraq’s Arsenal Was Only on Paper,”
Washington
Post
, January 7, 2004.

65. Dana Priest and Walter Pincus, “Bin Laden–Hussein Link Hazy,”
Washington Post
, February 13, 2003.

66. Confidential interview with former State Department official.

67. Woods et al.,
Iraqi Perspectives Project
, pp. 93–94.

68. Fowler, “Al-Zarqawi.”

69. “Iraq Shuts Down Phone Network to Thwart CIA Eavesdropping,” Associated Press, March 19, 2003.

70. Max Hastings, “The Iraq Intelligence Fiasco Exposes Us to Terrible Danger,”
U.K. Guardian
, September 20, 2004.

71. Information concerning NSA’s per for mance in the Iraqi WMD scandal was deleted in toto from the final report of the Senate
intelligence committee on the U.S. intelligence community’s per for mance prior to the invasion of Iraq, for which see U.S.
Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence,
Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community’s Prewar Intelligence Assessments on
Iraq
, 108th Congress, 2nd session, July 7, 2004, pp. 264–65.

14: The Dark Victory

1. NSA/CSS, Office of the Director, “Director’s Intent,” February 11, 2003, partially declassified and on file at the National
Security Archive, Washington, DC.

2. Bob Woodward, “The Foreign Policy Questions John Kerry Would Not Answer,”
Manchester
Union Leader
, October 26, 2004. For sixty thousand military and civilian personnel belonging to NSA, National Guard Bureau,
National Guard Assistant Program (NGAP) Position Description:
Mobilization Assistant to the Deputy Chief, Central Security Ser vice, National Security Agency
, September 1, 2003. This document has since been removed from the National Guard Bureau Web site, from which it was downloaded
in 2003.

3. Confidential interview.

4. Director of Central Intelligence,
The 2003 Annual Report of the United States Intelligence Community
, July 2004, sec. Support to Operation Iraqi Freedom.

5. Confidential interview.

6. Capt. Mark Choate, “Knowing Is Half the Battle,”
INSCOM Journal
, vol. 26, no. 2 (2003 Almanac): pp. 13–15.

7. Amatzia Baram, “The Republican Guard: Outgunned and Outnumbered, but They Never Surrender,”
U.K. Guardian
, March 25, 2003.

8. For the order of battle of the Second Republican Guard Corps, see NIE 99-04, National Intelligence Council,
Iraqi Military Capabilities Through 2003
, April 1999, p. 4, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001261421, http://www.foia.cia.gov; Charles Duelfer, Special
Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence,
Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the
DCI on Iraqi WMD
, vol. 1, September 30, 2004, p. 94, CIA Electronic FOIA Reading Room, Document No. 0001156395, http://www.foia.cia.gov.

9. For Bad Aibling Station, see Choate, “Knowing,” p. 20. For ten Iraqi divisions deployed in northern Iraq, see Stephen T.
Hosmer,
Why the Iraqi Re sistance to the Co alition Invasion Was So
Weak
(Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2007), p. 42.

10. Confidential interview.

11. Confidential interview.

12. Choate, “Knowing,” p. 20. For the expulsion of the two Iraqi diplomats in New York, see John McWethy, “Iraq’s Attack Network
(Operation Imminent Horizon),” ABC News, March 5, 2003.

13. Confidential interviews. See also Ed Johnson, “Former Cabinet Member: British Intelligence Spied on Annan,” Associated
Press, February 26, 2004; Patrick E. Tyler, “Ex-Aide to Blair Says the British Spied on Annan,”
New York Times
, February 27, 2004; Glenn Frankel, “Britain Accused of Spying on Annan Before Iraq War,”
Washington Post
, February 27, 2004; Todd Richissin and Scott Shane, “West’s Spies Listening in on U.N.’s Annan,”
Baltimore Sun
, February 27, 2004.

14. Martin Bright, Ed Vulliamy, and Peter Beaumont, “Revealed: US Dirty Tricks to Win Vote on Iraq War,”
U.K. Observer
, March 2, 2003.

15. Chaka Ferguson, “Woodward: Media Should Have Been More Critical of Iraq Intelligence,” Associated Press, July 9, 2004.

16. Dafna Linzer, “IAEA Leader’s Phone Tapped,”
Washington Post
, December 12, 2004.

17. Scott R. Gourley, “MEU (SOC),”
Special Operations Technology
, vol. 2, issue 6, September 13, 2004, www.special-operations-technology.com/ article.cfm?DocID=606.

18. Confidential interviews.

19. Confidential interviews. See also Kevin M. Woods et al.,
Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation
Iraqi Freedom from Saddam Hussein’s Senior Leadership
(Norfolk, VA: U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2006), p. 103, http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ ADA446305; Bradley Graham, “Republican
Guard Troops Moved Nearer to Baghdad,”
Washington Post
, February 28, 2003.

20. Michael R. Gordon and General Bernard E. Trainor,
Cobra II
(New York: Pantheon Books, 2006), p. 165.

21. “Iraq Shuts Down Phone Network to Thwart CIA Eavesdropping,” Associated Press, March 19, 2003.

22. The description of the events leading up to the Dora Farms attack is drawn from Barton Gellman and Dana Priest, “CIA Had
Fix on Hussein,”
Washington Post
, March 20, 2003; Elisabeth Bu-miller and David Johnston, “Surprise Strike at Outset Leaves Urgent Mystery: Who Was Hit?,”
New York Times
, March 21, 2003; Bob Woodward, “Attack Was 48 Hours Old When It ‘Began,’ ”
Washington Post
, March 23, 2003.

23. James Kitfield, “Army’s Race to Baghdad Exposes Risks in Battle Plan,”
National Journal
, March 28, 2003, p. 9.

24. Michael T. Mosely, “Operation Iraqi Freedom— by the Numbers,” U.S. Central Command Air Force, April 30, 2003, p. 15, http://
www.globalsecurity.org/military/ library/report/ 2003/ uscentaf_oif_report_30apr2003.pdf.

25. Confidential interview.

26. Tech. Sgt. Kristina Brown, “New Leadership Takes Over 70th IW,”
Spokesman
, April 2004, AIA FOIA.

27. Gregg K. Kakesako, “Isle Marines Return from Iraq Conflict,”
Honolulu Star-Bulletin
, June 10, 2003, http://starbulletin.com/ 2003/ 06/ 10/news/story4.html.

28. Gourley, “MEU (SOC).”

29. Confidential interview.

30. Confidential interviews.

31. Confidential interviews.

32. Woods et al.,
Iraqi Perspectives Project
, p. 105.

33. Confidential interviews.

34. “14th Signal Regiment (Electronic Warfare) Operations in Southern Iraq,”
The Rose and Laurel
, 2003, p. 104.